Kitobni o'qish: «Solar system / Alternative theories»

Name: Solar system / Alternative theories
Author: Svetlana Denisova

Shrift:

In the book "Solar system" by Svetlana Denisova six theories are presented as an alternative to the conventional opinion. Astronomy is not the author’s profession, but a hobby. Mostly it is not scientific, and philosophical work. There are some simple formulas, calculations and tables. Reading this book does not require any special knowledge. The book is written in a simple and easy to understand language. This philosophical analysis allows us to understand a lot of things in the world around us.

1. Global climate changes

In the middle of the last century glaciers of Antarctica and Greenland have been thoroughly investigated. For these purposes the ice cores have been extracted from deep wells. These studies have shown, that for many thousands of years the climate is gradually cooling down. Periodically, once in 100–120 thousand years, the temperature rises sharply by about 10°C. This contradicts the fact, that the Earth's orbit decreases, as it follows from the theory #.2. The climate should become warmer. The climate has really become warmer in recent years, but it is connected, most likely, with the activity of civilization, and not with the orbit change. Gradual and constant cooling of the climate for many millennia is most likely due to a faster "burnout" of the Sun compared to a decrease of orbits.

It is known, that marine sediments are located even on the highest world peaks. From which it follows, that the surface of the "young" Earth has been more even, and it was covered completely or almost completely by the ocean. Initially, the life on Earth originated in the ocean. Mainland has been formed, probably, later. Conditions for life on the land first appeared on the poles. Then, as the climate grew cooler, the life spread from poles to the middle latitudes and then to the equator. Further cooling of the planet led to the formation and proliferation of ice caps at the poles, decrease of the world ocean level and land surface increase. The warm shallow seas were on the Earth in the period of small polar glaciers or their absence. The gradual transition of a significant part of the water from liquid state – into ice and moving to the poles led to bogging and complete drying of ancient seas. If all Antarctica and Greenland glaciers melted, all ancient seas would be in their place.

The expanding Antarctica glacier gradually displaced all living things to the shores. Less and less land, suitable for life, remained on this continent. All its inhabitants had to look for food in the ocean. There was a many-thousand-year process of changing species: land animals turned into marine inhabitants. Only those species of the polar continent inhabitants survived, which had adapted to live in water. Apparently, the mammals appeared in the ocean in this way: whales, dolphins, etc.

The ice age

Studies of ice cores, extracted from the wells of Antarctica and Greenland, allow determining the duration and the end of the last ice age. The graphs shows the results of the study of ice cores at the Russian polar station “Vostok” ^[1]

Graphs of studies of ice cores ^[2]

The top graph shows a change of deuterium content in the ice. This isotopic study was conducted throughout the cylindrical ice cores and provided the most detailed data. Other studies were conducted in interval 2.5 m and were more approximate. Reduction of deuterium content in the ice corresponds to a temperature decrease. The graph shows, that between the temperature maximum about 130 thousand years ago and its minimum about 12 thousand years ago, there was a steady temperature decrease, which sometimes was alternated with short warming.

On the Dome Concord 75° sl a glacier age was determined as 890 thousand years old, by the ice cores with the total length of 3270 m. Although the researchers believe this data was very approximate. The speed of cooling can be determined from the graphs. During 120 thousand years the temperature decreased by ~ 10°C. The last ice age ended 10-12 thousand years ago. By the end of the ice age the Earth has been so cool so, that the glaciers occupied, presumably, the fourth part of the continents. Glaciers themselves contribute to their spreading, by reflecting the sunlight and cooling the surrounding air.

In the Ice age a map of the Earth was somewhat different. The global sea level was lower, because a significant portion of the water was in the ice. The continents had a wider coastal zone, but a considerable part of them was under the ice and was not suitable for life. There were some islands in the Ice Age, which we can see now on the maps as shallow waters.

In the Ice Age lot of mammoths and other animals lived in cold climatic zones. They lived in the large parts of North America and Euro-Asia and were well adapted to the cold climate.

Ice Age ended, when climate warmed suddenly.

Great flood

From times of the Old Testament, people heard about the Great flood, however, very few people trusted this legend, because it was absolutely not clear, where such mass of water has come from and where it has disappeared. It is logical to assume, that the Great flood was the end of the Ice Age.

When it was?

1. The graphs of Antarctic ice cores study show, that the abrupt warming occurred about 12 thousand years ago (see the upper graph).

About a same time, a global sea level rose by ~70 m, to the current level of 0 m.

2. Around the same period, as some researchers believe, the mass death of mammoths occurred.

3. Probably, the flood has caused the death of the previous civilization. Plato, who lived around 400 BC, states, that Atlantis perished 9.5 thousand years ago. If we add our 2000 years, then 9.5 + 0.4 + 2 = 11.9 thousand years ago.

4. Edgar Cayce, in the reading 5750-1 dated November 12, 1933, stated: "From time as counted in the present we would turn back to 10,600 years before the Prince of Peace came into the land of promise, and find a civilization being disturbed by corruption from within to such measures that the elements join in bringing devastation to a stiffnecked and adulterous people."^[3] 10,600 years before Christ 1933 will be 12.533, rounded to 12.5 thousand years.

These four independent coincidences give reasons to believe, that date is approximately right. Cayce indicates the fall of morality as the cause. However, there must be a physical mechanism of the past global catastrophe.

Various versions can be assumed as the explanation of abrupt climate warming. The most probable reason of the climate warming may be periodic passages of a large celestial body near the Earth, for example, a long-periodic comet. Arising between them a gravity force can be the cause of displacement of the Earth concerning poles and fluctuation of axis. As a consequence, the cold zones could be shifted to warmer latitudes and continental glaciers have melted. Glaciers are "refrigerators" of the Earth. Reduction of glaciers has given way to the global climate warming on the planet.

The picture Ice of Antarctica ^[4] shows, that the maximum height of the glacier is not at the South Pole, but it is shifted. The entire glacier is shifted with respect to the pole. The Antarctica map shows, that the maximum height has shifted relative to the pole at about 15° and coincides with the geomagnetic pole. This may be the proof, that sometime in the past a displacement of the Earth concerning axis has happened.

Probably, the orbit of a comet is not constant. Sometimes it can pass closer, sometimes farther from the Earth, and warming may be more or less intense, accordingly. Probably, once in 100-120 thousand years, the comet passes very close from the Earth. This can explain periodicity of warming.

Variation of planet position has happened very quickly, by Plato – in one day. The consequences of it were earthquakes and continental plate displacement. The glaciers could not melt during one day, as this process required several weeks. The global sea level had been rising gradually and flooded the low coasts of continents and low islands. The ancient sunk cities are found everywhere, in Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans. The flood destroyed everything in its way. Only mountains could resist flood, but there were also melting glaciers on the tops of the mountains and avalanches have been falling from the mountains. Map of the Earth became like we see it today.

Plato in the dialogue "Timaeus" describes the Great Flood: "… But afterwards there occurred violent earthquakes and floods; and in a single day and night of misfortune all your warlike men in a body sank into the earth, and the island of Atlantis in like manner disappeared in the depths of the sea. For which reason the sea in those parts is impassable and impenetrable, because there is a shoal of mud in the way; and this was caused by the subsidence of the island."^[5]

Not only Atlantis, but many other cities were flooded by the Great Flood. Flooded cities are found off the coast of Turkey, Greece, in the Black Sea, off the coast of the Japanese island of Okinawa. The pyramids are found at the bottom of the American Rock Lake, which age is estimated about 10 thousand years. On the shores of the Indian state of Gujarat, the city of Dwarka is found – the legendary city, the capital of the Kingdom of Krishna, is one of the seven oldest cities in India. Dvarka, located at a distance of 30 km, on the shore of the bay, was discovered in the Arabian Sea at a depth of 7 meters. Its estimated age is 12 thousand years.

As a result of a flood, the risen level of World Ocean flooded islands of Atlantis. One of the flooded cities with pyramids, a sphinx and other structures has been found in the area of Bermuda triangle, at a distance of 700 m to the east from Cuba. This huge Empire had colonies in South and North America, in Africa and Europe. Probably, all pyramids on Earth built by residents of Atlantis. Underwater photos of a sunken civilization can be seen by clicking the link: underwater towns ^[6]. Atlantis was a highly developed civilization. Perhaps, the anomalous phenomena in the Bermuda triangle are somehow connected with the sunken cities.

Apparently, it is the Great flood caused the death of mammoths. Not only the mammoths, but all the flora and fauna, that existed on the edge of the glaciers, was washed away and destroyed by the Great flood. People of Komi, Khanty and Mansi have legends stating, that when the water has filled in all ground, the mammoth floated in water, but the birds sat down on their "horns" and mammoth has sunk (see Wikipedia).

After the Flood new life cycle has begun on the Earth.

Our civilization will survive another Great flood. It will be one of the stages of the Apocalypse, foretold by John Evangelist. A new Flood will be different, because there are no ice mountains in the north of continents. The Earth will turn again. The glaciers of Antarctica and Greenland will melt. The Bulgarian clairvoyant woman Vanga predicted it. The global sea level will rise and will flood the coastal zones and lowlands of the continents. Europe will turn into islands and the seas. World hunger will be longest in the history. Nostradamus has predicted it.

2. Theory of non-constant orbits

Not circular-wise, but spiral-wise

Space bodies may have different shape of orbit: 8-shape, elongated and circular. This article considers only the movement of bodies along orbits, which are close the circular. Usually planets and some their satellites move along such orbits. In our time one can hear a lot about the expanding universe, but the official assumption is, that the planets orbits do not change. Nevertheless, they do not move along the circle, but along the spiral.

Spiral movement of celestial bodies was known since the most ancient times. For example, the ancient Greek philosopher Plato wrote in the dialogue Timaeus:”… Movement of identical bodies imposes a spiral bending to all star circles due to the opposite direction of two [main movements]”. Here by the opposite direction of two [main movements] should be understood as the counteraction of the gravity force F_gand centrifugal force Fc. Now these concepts are being disputed, given other names. But it does't change their essence.

In the ideal case, when these two forces are equal, the speed vector of a rotating body is directed along the tangent line to the orbit, perpendicular to radius. However, in the actual world, it is difficult to find something ideal. The predominance of one force over another leads to the speed vector (v) deviation toward the greater force and rotation along the spiral. If gravitation force F_gprevails (F_g>F_c), the speed vector deviates to the center, and movement goes along a descending spiral. If centrifugal force prevails (F_c>F_g), movement goes along an ascending spiral.

The last satellite can "come off" the star, if gravitation force is significantly reduced. Possibly, that’s the way the free moons emerge in space. The satellite, nearest to the center, rotates on a descending spiral, because the gravitation force predominate. Ultimately, it can lead to the satellite fall on the central body. Both these forces are not constant and tend to equilibrium. If the orbit becomes more distant, the speed will be decreasing and, consequently, centrifugal force will be decreasing too. That is, as if the centrifugal force adjusts to the changing force of gravity. Although these two forces are not equal, they can be regarded as relatively equal at this point of time Fc=-Fg.

In the simplified version centrifugal force is defined under the formula: Fc=-m_p*v²/R,

m_p – mass of planet, v – speed of planet, R – radius of rotation.

Under the Newton’s law the gravity force is defined by the formula:

Fg = G*m_s*m_p/R^2,m_s

m_s and m_p – mass of the Sun and planet, R² – square of the distance between them, G – gravitational constant ~6.67384*10^-11m³/(kg/с²).

Let's record equality of two forces:

G*m_s*m_p/R²=– m_p*v²/R.

Let's simplify the expression by multiplying the both sides of the equality by R and dividing by mp, and we will get:

G*m_s/ R=-v²

It follows, that the less the Sun mass is and the more is the distance from it, the slower is the movement of planets in the orbit. Conversely, than the Sun mass is greater and the the radius is smaller, the speed is greater. This is confirmed by the modern calculations and measurements of the planets speed (see table 1). Another conclusion from this formula is, that the orbital velocity does not depend on the mass of the satellite, but only on the mass of the central body and the distance to it. Saturn has two orbits, on each of which three different satellites are (for example: Diona, Elena, Polydeuces), but they have the same speed. The mass of the Sun continuously decreases, decreasing the speed of the satellites.

With the change of the orbit, the speed of a celestial body in the orbit changes too. This was also known to ancient Greek astronomers: «… ones of them moved along a greater circle, the others – along the smaller. They moved quicker on smaller circles, but slower on the greater ones» [Plato, dialogue "Timaeus"]. With the orbit decrease, the speed of celestial body and centrifugal force increase.

Dynamics of orbits

Table 1 sets out the main characteristics of the planets of the Solar System (hereinafter the SS). The asteroid belt (destroyed planet Phaeton) in the table is represented by its moon Ceres. Two dwarf planets: Pluto and Haumea represent the Kuiper belt.The data for the Table 1 has been taken from Wikipedia 07.07.2014 and may not match the further changes.

Based on the formulas given above and the data in Table 1, we can calculate the approximate values of the gravitational force and centrifugal force for the main planets of the Solar System (SS).

The results of calculation of the gravity force and centrifugal force for the 11 planets are shown in table 2 in the order of their distance from the Sun.

For all planets they are not equal. Consequently, they all have a spiral orbit

From table 2 it is clear, that gravitation force prevails at 4 planets nearest to the Sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars). If other possible influences on their orbits are not taken into account, it should be assumed, that they spin along the decreasing orbits – a descending spiral. Among them Mercury has the fastest decrease, and Mars has the slowest one.

Centrifugal force is predominating for the planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Therefore, their orbits are ascending, it is a rising spiral. Among them Jupiter has the fastest removing and Neptune – the slowest.

Orbit of Ceres (Asteroid belt) is descending and is the most stable among them. It is a division between ascending and descending orbits. Among the four gas giants the Neptune has the most stable orbit. It is also a division between the descending and ascending orbits. In front of the Neptune the centrifugal force prevails, but behind it the gravity force prevails. The orbits of Pluto and Haumea are descending and the most stable of all. Similar processes occur at numerous satellites of gas planets. The nearest of them have descending orbits, but remote have ascending orbits.

Let's calculate, what the Earth orbit would be like, if the gravity force equaled to centrifugal force: 35,404*10²¹n.

R=√(G*m_s*m_p/Fс)

R=√ (6.67384*10^-11*1.9891*10³⁰*5.97219*10²⁴/35.404*10²¹)=1.49643*10¹¹m

The difference between the actual and calculated orbits is 0.00045*10¹¹m or 45000 km (it is ~3.5 of the Earth diameters). Consequently, the predominance of the gravity force by 0,021*10²¹n gives the Earth orbit decrease by 45000km in comparison with that one, which should be at the given speed 2,978*10⁴m/s. Such difference in radii shortens the orbit length by 2π (R₂-R₁) ~282600km.

Let's calculate, what the Earth speed would be, if centrifugal force were equal to the gravity force 35,425n.

v= √ (F_g*R/m_p),

v= √ (35,425*10²¹*1.49598*10¹¹/5.97219*10²⁴)=2.9789*10⁴m/s

The difference between the actual and calculated speed is: 2.9789*10⁴-2,978*10⁴= 0.0009*10⁴m/s. That is speed of the Earth at ~9 m/s is less, than it should be at the stable orbit.

Based on the assumption, that orbits dynamics was such for a long time, and by "scrolling" the time back, we receive, that all the basic planets SS (except Koiper belt) were initially closer to the asteroid belt and to each other.

Influence of the space bodies mass on the forces ratio

The insignificant increase of a planets mass can occurs due to the falling on them of various space bodies: meteorites, asteroids, space dust and others. The change of planets mass equally influences both counteracting forces and does't break their ratio. Perhaps, planets can lose their mass, for example, due strong eruption, as on Mars. The masses of the planets can be considered relatively permanent, that can not be said about the stars.

The change of the Sun mass does not affect the centrifugal force, but it changes the gravity force. A slight increase of the sun mass occurs, as in the case with planets, due to the fall of various space bodies onto it. Given the size of the Sun and the gigantic force of gravity, the falls occur much more often, than on planets. This process has an accidental nature, and its influence to the orbits of the planets is negligible and can be ignored.

The stars mass decrease due to their continuous burning has a much greater impact on the orbits. The burning Sun loses about 4.26 million T/s or 1.34*10¹⁴ tons/year [Wikipedia]. Not only the Sun, but also the other stars have the process of burning and decrease of the mass. Now the age of SS is about 4.6 billion years. It was determined by the fallen meteorites. Although there’s no guarantee, that they belong to SS and were formed simultaneously with it! As the other data regarding SS age is absent, the mass of the Sun 5 billion years ago, perhaps, was about 1.98977*10²⁷ tons, taking into account the decrease coefficient. During all this time the Sun has lost 6.7*10²³ tons, that is, approximately, equal to two masses of Mercury, which is a little amount. Perhaps, there is a hidden mass (decay), which the Sun loses much quicker?

This factor should have the constraining impact on the descending orbits and, on the contrary, the accelerating influence on the ascending orbits. The SS age and the speed of the Sun mass decrease raise big doubts. Most likely, the Sun age and the speed of the mass decrease are much greater. Possibly, when SS was young, all planets were arranged in a more compact way, closer to asteroids belt. The Sun mass was and energy sufficient enough, to were the life conditions on the farthest planets. Conditionally, the distance from the Sun can be divided into 3 zones:

1st, close to the Sun, may be called conditionally a "red zone", where it is very hot;

2nd, average, may be called a "green zone", where the temperature is from -50^o to +50^oC, it is a zone of life;

3rd, distant, may be called a "blue zone", where it is very cold.

Now the Earth is in the "green zone". There are pyramids on Mars, therefore, much earlier this planet was warmer, and it had conditions for life and construction. If we assume, that initially the "green zone" was behind the asteroids belt, the giant planets could pass through the zone of life in the process of decreasing solar energy. Earth at that time was in the "red zone". It is known, that in the most ancient times the climate was warmer, then gradually it cooled down, and the Earth poles became covered by glaciers.

How can it be explained, if orbit descending follows from the calculation and there has to is a climate warming? Presumably, the "zone of life" descending quicker, than the orbits of the planets Mars, Earth, Venus and Mercury. It can explain the passing of Mars through the "zone of life". The Sun mass and energy are decreasing quicker, than descending of the orbits. It contributes to their cooling.

3. Destructions in the Solar System

Nowadays there is a generally accepted view, that giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune have always been the gas spheres. In my opinion, it is absolutely untrue. They were the same, as the solid planets: Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury. It is very likely, that during the "young Sun" life and civilizations existed on them. These planets, making up the bulk of SS planets, have been destroyed, apparently, due to the one reason.

Gas giants have the similar characteristics:

– the absence of a solid crust;

– low density;

– rapid axial rotation (10 hours/day, Neptune – 16 hours/day);

– the presence of fragmentary satellites in the nearest orbits;

– the presence of rings;

– a similar composition of the atmosphere.

What could lead to the destruction of the solid crust of these planets? The main difference between "gas" and "solid" planets is the presence of rings, consisting of dust, small and large fragments. Most likely, they were shattered satellites! The cause of the destruction of the giant planets could be the destruction of the satellite on the nearest orbit.

So the most part of SS planets has been destroyed. Behind the Mars's orbit is zone of destructions. The planet Phaeton between Mars and Jupiter orbits has been completely destroyed and has formed a belt of asteroids. Ceres – the moon of Phaeton and some other satellites, not of lunar type, has remained on this orbit. Four gas giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune have the destroyed crust, but they kept the spherical form. May be, in the Kuiper belt, the crust of several dwarf planets has been destroyed also. Only 4 small planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and few dwarf planets of the Kuiper belt, remained intact. All this proves, that SS is very old.

Destruction of a solid crust of planets became the reason of increase in their volume and reduction of density. If we assume, that before destruction their density was equal to the Earth’s density 5515 kg/m³, it is possible to estimate their volumes before destruction, having divided mass on 5515 kg/m³. The calculation results are shown in Table 3.

Using the calculated volume (l.1 tab.3), it is possible to calculate the radius of planets before destruction (l.2 tab.3) by a formula: R³=3V/4π. Table 3 shows, that Saturn has the greatest coefficient of increase 2.07, and the Neptune has the smallest coefficient of increase 1.48 (l.3, tab.3). The Uranus before destruction was smaller in volume, than Neptune and after the destruction became larger than it. On the basis of the calculated data, received in table 3, it is possible to present an evident expansion of planets after destruction.

The picture shows a significant increase in the size of gas giants after the catastrophe. After destruction of planets, the speed of axial rotation has considerably increased, on average up to 10 hours/day, except the Neptune – the 16 hours/day. Increase in the equatorial diameter is a result of high-speed axial rotation of these planets. Some dwarf planets have similar characteristics, for example, Houmea. Perhaps, their crust has been destroyed too.

The waters of the oceans poured down into the cracks, and the fire burst forth out of the cracks toward the waters. The two confronting elements, water and a fire, have merged in the last dying battle. As a result of exposure to the high temperatures and, probably, nuclear reaction the chemical compounds disintegrated. Hydrogen (H) and helium (He) filled atmosphere:

Jupiter Н-89.8%, Не-10.2%, p-1.326 g/cm³;

Saturn Н-96%, Не-3%, р-0.687 g/cm³;

Uranus Н-83%, Не-15%, р-1.27 g/cm³;

Neptune Н-80%, Не-19%, р-1.638 g/cm³.

To understand the cause of the destruction of the planets, the Table 4 "Satellites of planets" was formed. The data for the table was taken from the encyclopedia Wikipedia. It is often changing, so the values in Table 4 may not reflect the latest changes. This table does not make analysis of the remote satellites of gas planets. They are grouped according to the proximity principle and orbits similarity. Each group is given the name of the largest satellite in it. Destroyed satellites highlighted in blue color, the moons (the spherical satellites) – in pink color.

The Asteroid belt is the destroyed planet Phaeton, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Perhaps, here the biggest catastrophe in the SS occurred. The planet was shattered into pieces, forming a belt of fragments of various shapes and sizes and a segmented ring of sand and dust. The moon Ceres and several other satellites of non-lunar type remained intact on Phaeton’s orbit. The largest objects of the belt of asteroids are: Vesta, Pallada, Gigeya. Now there is a generally accepted view, that the Asteroid Belt could not have been a destroyed planet. As an argument, a small total mass of fragments is given. However, not all fragments are detected, but, probably, only the largest ones. There is much more of smaller fragments, but they are harder to find and measure. Has anybody taken into account their mass, the mass of the segmented ring as well as the mass of fragments ejected from orbit? Most likely, the mass of this planet was comparable to the mass of Mars. Another argument against the theory of planet destruction is the presence in the Belt of objects, which judging by their properties can not belong to one satellite. There are 2 explanations for this: either the Phaeton has collided with another space body and both have shattered, or this planet, apart from Ceres, had other satellites of a non-planetary type.

Varuna and Haumea are dwarf planets of the Kuiper belt (see Table 5). They have a very elongated ellipsoidal shape and very fast axial rotation – 3-4 hours/day. From this one can make an assumption, that their crust was destroyed, and they are gas planets.

Perhaps, there was also a small planet in the SS – the first from the Sun. This hypothetical planet can be called Lara. She was wife of Mercury in ancient Greek mythology. If this assumption is true, then it was completely destroyed. A belt of fragments and dust can be on the orbit of 30-36 million km. Probably, it is difficult to detect it in such proximity to the star, in its dazzling light.

It is possible to assume, that Earth was on the verge of destruction too. Most likely, it was when the continent Gondwana broke up and Atlantic Ocean was formed. Indians have a legend: once, a fire has erupted from the Earth. Earth stopped, turned over twice, and then began to spin as mad. Apparently, a very rapid rotation in that time saved its solid crust from complete destruction.

All these global catastrophes and destruction can not occur simultaneously. This requires a long period of time; therefore, the SS is very-very old.

4. Appearance of sunspots

There are different hypotheses about the origin of sunspots. Nowadays the most common accepted hypothesis best reflected in the electronic encyclopedia Wikipedia ^[7]. Here the appearance of sunspots is explained as perturbation of some sections of magnetic field of the Sun.

Here the appearance of the sunspots is explained by falling of different space bodies to the Sun’s surface. From this point of view, the magnetic field perturbation is not a reason for the appearance of sunspots, but on the contrary, is a consequence.

It has long been known, that the meteorites and other celestial bodies often fall on planets and satellites. The Earth and other planets are well protected from such "bombings" by atmosphere, in which the majority of small falling objects burn down. The moons without atmosphere have a lot of impact craters. For example, Mimas, moon of Saturn, is almost completely covered with craters from tiny to the giant ones.

The Sun is not an exception, on the contrary, because of its giant attraction, it is more often exposed to such falls. But unlike the moons, where an every falling forms a crater forever, the fire on the Sun surface deletes all traces of the falls over time. Not all falling objects can form sunspots. Most of them, having a small size or consisting mainly of ice, or loose rocks, burn up before reaching the Sun surface. Only the largest of falling objects leave a temporary spot.

Almost all the features of sunspots can be explained by the fall of the celestial bodies.

1. "They (sunspots) are regions of reduced temperature…" [Wikipedia]

The absence of fire makes these areas relatively less hot, than the rest of the Sun surface. The temperature of falling objects is much below the Sun surface temperature. When approaching the Sun, they are warming up quickly, and their surface begins to burn.

2. "Most solar flares and coronal mass ejections originate in magnetically active regions around visible sunspots groupings."

There is a photo, on which one can see the comet^[8] fall on the Sun surface. This is not the only one recorded case of comets falling on the Sun surface. Powerful bright flash in the shape of torch appears before the comet fall on the Sun surface. This photo confirms, that the emergence of torch prior to the appearance of spots and the fall of the space bodies are interrelated phenomena.

3. "Observations using the Zeeman effect show that prototypical sunspots come in pairs with opposite magnetic polarity. Sunspots usually appear in groups."

Single spots can be explained by falling celestial bodies, consisting mainly of solid rocks, which are not destroyed under the action of gravity. On the contrary, it is possible to explain the groups of spots by the destructive action of gravity.

The appearance of spots on the Sun causes perturbation of the Earth magnetic field, which can lead to the malfunction of some systems. Despite this, the sunspots should be seen as a positive phenomenon. The falling celestial bodies not significant increase the Sun mass, which decreases continuously and support its activity.

This theory is confirmed by the video ^[11] "The Origin of sunspots" shot by NASA dated 19.07.2012, where several objects falling on the Sun surface are visible. If you follow the link: video Arc on the Sun, you can see the magnificent fascinating video showing the appearance of the spots on the Sun. At first, a torch is formed. Then the fragments fall to the left of the torch base. Then some of them are pushed out to the right of the torch base. After that, the torch turns into a coronary arc. The fragments, which were pushed out, form a secondary arc, but it is weaker and lower than the main arc. The secondary arc is formed by the return movement, from the secondary point of falling toward to the right arc base.

Thus, the dark spots on the Sun can be explained quite simply: by falling of the various celestial bodies – the phenomenon, which is very common in space.

5. Origin of the moons

The hypotheses

There are several popular hypotheses of the moon origin.

The hypothesis of collision. The moon was formed as a result of a collision of the Earth with a large space object. This hypothesis of the Moon emergence prevails nowadays in scientific circles.

The hypothesis of separation was put forward by the son of Charles Darwin. Darwin suggested, that the tidal effect of the Sun was the cause of the so called separation. A piece of a melted Earth with the size of Moon had separated from the main mass and took its position in orbit. This hypothesis looked quite reasonable and predominated in the early twentieth century.

The hypothesis of accretion. The Moon emerged from the disks. It is said, that a disk of dense particles was gradually accumulating around the already formed Earth, resembling the Saturn rings. It was assumed, that the particles of this disk has eventually merged and formed the Moon.

The hypothesis of the whole capture. This hypothesis about the moon origin appeared around the time, when the first lunar probes were launched. It was assumed, that the Moon originated in the distance from the Earth and was a wandering celestial body, which was simply captured by gravity and entered the orbit around the Earth.

The first two hypotheses of the moon origin resulting from the collision or separation were popular, but not viable. It is difficult, but one can imagine, that a piece of planet came off and flew away from a strong blow, but the planets are not rubber balls to fly apart in the result of collision. The probability, that this piece took a spherical shape and a core appeared inside, is negligible.

It can also be assumed, that in a period, when a planet was born, it was a "soft" hot body. Then the satellites separated from it (quite numerous in the case of the gas giants). However, one can not find any explanation for the force, which put the satellites into their orbits. Space bodies gravitate, but not pushed away. The hypothesis of separation is more suitable for the SS formation, but not for the Planet- Moon system.

The other hypothesis of accretion, which states, that the moon was originated from the disks surrounding the planet, is not credible. On the contrary, the disks (rings) were formed from a celestial body, after it had been destroyed. They have been distributed along the orbit quite evenly and do not show a tendency to "merge" into a moon. Large fragments of a crust, which had been scattered into different orbits, became satellites. The rings are filled with dust, sand and small debris. As a rule, the fragmentary satellites-shepherds are in the zone of the rings, they collect particles and forms slits.

When we look for the cause of the moon origin, first of all, let's remember, that the Moon is not a single satellite of SS. Except Mercury and Venus each planet has the satellites.

Hypothesis of the capture

The most likely of all hypotheses – is a hypothesis of "capture". The force of gravity occurs between the planet and the passing by moon, alters the moon trajectory and attracts it. Then the question is: where the wandering moons come from? Apparently, from the Space. Each star has satellites, but their number differs. Burning, the stars lose their mass, which weakens the force of gravity. This can make the outer satellite come off from its star. Perhaps, this is the reason why there are "free moons" in space. They have different sizes and properties. They moves chaotically in the interstellar space in different directions and at different speeds, until they meet another celestial body.

Being in the field of a star attraction and not having enough speed to overcome gravity, a free moon may be captured. The moon begins to move toward the center of gravity (to star) with acceleration (to fall). If there are no obstacles on its way, it falls to the star, causing the appearance of a black spot, which eventually disappears. If the moon meets a planet, for example, a gas giant, it will be captured by the planet's gravity and gets inside, increasing its mass. If the falling moon meets a solid planet or a planet satellite, everything will depend on a power, speed and point of impact of the two objects. In case of the high power impact two celestial bodies can shatter (this could have caused the destruction of the planet Phaeton and formation of the asteroid belt).

All the satellites of the planets can be conditionally divided into two main groups:

– the planetary type (the moons), which have a spherical shape or close to it;

– satellites, that do not have a spherical shape.

Probably, the first group – it is captured satellites. The second group, for the most part, belongs to the SS.

The first group may have the next 20 moons:

Earth – Moon;

Asteroid belt – Ceres;

Jupiter – Io, Europe, Ganymede, Callisto;

Saturn – Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, Lapetus;

Uranus – Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon;

Neptune – Triton;

Pluto – Charon.

In the Table 4 they are colored in pink color. Except Charon, this list does not include the moons of Kuiper belt. The moons have different characteristics, that may confirm their origin outside SS.

Hypothesis of artificial getting to orbit the moons

The probability of the moon going into the orbit by itself and becoming a satellite is very small. If there is a developed civilization on a planet, it will try to avoid a collision. Perhaps, many of the moons of the planets were put into the orbits by the scientists of these planets, when a life was there. Although it seems incredible, such technical possibility exists. Edgar Cayce said, that Atlantis had an installation, which he calls "a fiery stone" (a kind of laser). It used a hollow quartz cylinder, faceted in a special way. It was able to destroy even the Earth. Probably, such device is located at the bottom in the Bermuda Triangle, where Atlantis sank. It causes abnormal phenomena in this area. A confirmation of the artificial placing of the moons into the orbits can be the fact, that some of moons have a front side, which is very different from a back side – it is more destroyed.

Cayce said, that 3 developed civilizations existed before us on the Earth. Perhaps, we have not yet reached their level of development. Prior to our civilization, Atlantis had flying machines and telecommunications facilities. Perhaps, some of these civilizations put our Moon into orbit. If we compare the front side of the Moon with its back side, we can clearly see the significant difference: 2 sides of moon ^[12]. There are huge dark low-lying areas (seas) on the side facing the Earth. They are almost absent on the poles and on the reverse side, ~ 80% of the seas are located on the front side of the Moon. The Moon seas have a molten structure, although there are no traces of volcanoes. When the magma erupts from inside the planet, a conical eminence (volcano) is formed. In this case, on the contrary, the bottom of the seas was melted. The crust of the Moon is unusually thick – it is unlikely, that magma can penetrate through it. From this we can conclude, that the melting was not from the inside, but from the outside. The American astronaut, who held the Moon's ground in his hands, said that it smells burnt.

Perhaps, a powerful laser technology was used for putting a moon into orbit, which destroyed the mountains and melted the surface of the satellite. Similarly the local increase of gravity can be explained – the mascon regions in the Moon's seas. Apparently, in the result of a powerful force action, the local compressions of a crust occurred – an increase in its density. One can remember Alexei Tolstoy's book "Hyperboloid by engineer Garin", where the buildings were destroyed and set on fire by laser. The Moon's orbit is almost stationary, it removes only slightly. Perhaps, this is not an accident and it was calculated so. With an orbit closer to Earth, the Moon would rotate along a descending orbit, which eventually could lead to a collision with the Earth. If the orbit were too far from the Earth, the Moon would be moving away and eventually could come off the Earth. Both events are undesirable. The ratio of the distance between Earth and Moon/Earth and Sun is almost equal to the ratio of the diameters of the Moon and the Sun. So their visible dimensions are almost equal. This can be observed in a total solar eclipse.

Not only our Moon, but also other the moons of the SS have signs of artificial influencing. For example, Triton, the satellite of Neptune, has large "lakes" with terraces on the banks with a step height of up to a kilometer, near the equator on the side facing to Neptune. Another example is Jupiter satellite Ganymede, like the Moon, has a strong destruction on the side facing the planet. The other example can be Miranda, a satellite of Uranus. It seems, that someone "drew on its surface". It has the giant areas, consisting of parallel bands and almost right angles on it. They can not be explained by natural causes. It can be assumed, that they were created not by something, but by somebody. All this serves as proof of the artificial getting of the moons into the orbits.

There are many moons in the SS especially in the gas planets. If this hypothesis is correct, then developed civilizations were formerly on gas giants, before they were destroyed, because someone put their moons into orbits. This theory does not apply to other satellites of non-planetary type. In my opinion, they belong to the SS and have emerged together with it. If we look at Table 4, then many satellites of a non-planetary type can be seen near the gas planets. They have different orbital characteristics, forward and reverse rotation, different orbit inclinations. There is a probability, that a second satellite will arise at the Earth. However, nowadays there are no organized observations of the near-Earth space and also there is no technical capability to prevent collisions and to bring falling celestial bodies into near-earth orbits.

For the sake of objectivity, it should be noted, that the moons of the dwarf planets of the Kuiper belt do not fit into this theory. It is unlikely, that life and developed civilizations could exist so far from the Sun and on such small planets. Therefore, it is not clear how the satellites appeared at the trans-Neptunian planets.

6. Macro and micro

From the school course, everyone has heard of the analogy between the structure of atoms and stellar system. It is said, that structure of atoms has a planetary model. It is interesting to consider the space from the point of view of the micro world. Then every stellar system is an analog of the atom of some substance. Stellar systems can be interconnected, like the bonds of atoms within molecules. Spiral galaxies can be analogues of spiral molecules DNA, RNA, characteristic of living organisms.

We know little about other stars. Our SS is already well studied. Let's take it for comparison with the micro world. The basis of each atom is a positively charged core. In space, the stars matches this concept. In our system it is the Sun. Electrons in atoms are distributed over energy levels in a certain pattern. The maximum number of electrons on the level: 2s-for all starting from the 1^st level, 6p-from – the 2nd, 10d-from – the 3^rd, 14f-from – the 4^th, 18g-from – the 5^th, 22h- from – the 6^th. The basis of each level is s-shaped electrons, which have a spherical shape and trajectories close to circular.

In macrocosm, the planets can be considered as analogues of s-electrons. The p-type electrons have a shape of 8 and 8-shaped trajectory. Perhaps, the comets are analogues of them in the macrocosm. Comet Hartley-2 has a pronounced form of 8. This can be seen in the photo taken by the Deep probe in 2005. The SS, beginning from the Jupiter, has a large number of natural satellites with different orbital characteristics: permanent and not constant orbits, with forward and reverse rotation, with different eccentricities and inclination of orbits. Perhaps, by some of these properties they can be attributed to d, f, g or h type. Our SS is very old and heavily destroyed, so it is almost impossible to classify.

A sufficiently definite analogy is traced only between s-electrons and planets. There can be no more than 2 of them on each energy level. Based on this, the number of energy levels in the SS can be determined. In the Table 1 (part 2) the similarity in size of the neighbour planets is clearly visible. Presumably, the planets on neighbour orbits, similar in size, belong to the one energy level. However, in this case Mercury is without a pair. A small hypothetical planet Lara, of Mercury size, could be on orbit ~36 million km, but it is absent. May be it was shattered. In this case Lara+Mercury belong to the 1st energy level, Venus+Earth – to the 2nd, Mars+Phaeton – to the 3rd, Jupiter+Saturn – to 4th, Uranus+Neptune – to the 5th, Pluto+Eris – to the 6th level.

Another assumption is, that the planets of one energy level can have different sizes. In this case Mercury+Venus belong to the 1st level, Earth+Mars – to the 2nd, Phaeton+Jupiter – to the 3rd, Saturn+Uranus – to the 4th, Pluto+Eris – to the 5th. Officially it is accepted to consider, that asteroids belt has always existed – it has never been a planet. However, it is not so. The orbits of planets are determined by the Titsiusa-Bode formula as R=0.4+0.3*2ⁱ, where i – is a number of a planet. By this formula a planet must be in the asteroids belt orbit. Ceres, the moon of Phaeton, has been found, because the scientists were looking for the alleged planet in this orbit. The Neptune does't correspond to this formula. Presumably, it "has come" from the space.

Planets of Kuiper belt

The Kuiper belt is the most remote specific level, on which all planets are dwarfish. Some of them have satellites.

The orbits of some trans-Neptunian objects are considerably inclined and elongated. Probably, this level of SS is marginal. Recently a large number of different objects are discovered here. More and more new objects are being discovered in the Kuiper belt. The largest objects are given in Table 5.

If we again turn to the structure of atoms, then according to the periodic table there can not be more than 8 electrons at the last level. There are much more objects in the Kuiper belt. Even if we select only the largest objects, they are more than 8. Consequently, some of them do not belong to the SS. Orc and Ixion can be the "captured" planets, because their orbits are close to the orbit of Pluto. Judging by the number of planets, the final level of filled. Eris stands out among the other planets of Table 5. Its orbit is strongly elongated and inclined. The disk radius of the SS is about 53 AU. Eris goes beyond SS limits to 44.5 AU. Perhaps, this is the last planet of the SS. In the micro world the bonds between atoms are accomplished by the overlapping of orbits of the last electrons. This can explain the elongation of the Eris orbit.

Which atom the Solar System correspond to?

Presumably, there are 5 energy levels in the SS. Mercury and Venus can be 2s-type satellites of the 1st level. They have no satellites.

At the 2nd level the 2s-type planets are Earth and Mars. At this level 6 electrons of p-type must be, perhaps, these are comets. In a classical case, they have the shape of 8 and a similar form of the orbit. Earth has the Moon, Mars has Phobos and Deimos. These satellites don't correspond to p-type's characteristics. This serves as another confirmation, that the Moon does't belong to SS and has come from space.

At the 3rd level the 2s-type satellites are the destroyed Phaeton and Jupiter. At this level 6p+10d-types satellites may exist also. Jupiter has much more satellites. Or it is not the 3rd, but the 4th level, or a part of satellites captured or shattered.

At the 4th level there may be: 2s+6p+10d+14f=32 electrons, where 2s are, perhaps, Saturn and Uranus. Even without the moons and the destroyed satellites the objects at this level are much more, than it may be.

At the 5th level 2s satellites are Pluto and Eris, though their orbits are not circular.

A more detailed classification is difficult, because SS has a large number of the captured and destroyed satellites.

So the SS, from the point of view of atomic structure, can match some elements of the 5th period of the periodic table. Insufficient knowledge of the Kuiper belt makes it impossible to determine which objects are owned by the SS. In any case, they are more than 8. Presumably, the last level is full. Such structure corresponds to atom Xenon– the 54th element of the Mendeleev's table.

If we assume, that Jupiter belongs to the 4th level (given the large number of satellites), then a small planet Lara was destroyed on 36 million km orbit. Then the SS matches some element of the 6th period of the Mendeleev's table The SS is so old, that even the number of levels is difficult to determine.

Birth and death of the stars (hypothesis)

On the basis of the analogy between Macro and Micro worlds every stellar system is an atom of some substance. The core of an atom (a star in Macrocosm) consists of neutrons and positively charged protons. Proceeding from this, perhaps, a neutron splits into a proton and an electron. Perhaps, the process of formation of a stellar system is an explosion. In this case, the neutron splits and shoots the satellite (electron) into a strictly defined orbit. Presumably, before the splitting, the neutrons do not burn. After explosion, the protons and neutrons become a star. The planets-electrons, at the moment of origin, are fiery spheres with very fast rotation. In the course of gradual cooling a solid crust is formed from the magma. At first, it was very thin, and then it becomes thicker. The older is the planet, the thicker is its crust and the inner magma becomes smaller. Rotation slows down. Satellites (electrons) of non-planetary type p, d, f (comets and others) have relatively small sizes, in comparison with planets. After cooling they become completely solid bodies (without internal magma). The "shooting" of satellites to orbits occurs according to strictly defined laws. The explosion is a primary force, which initiates a movement of all the elements of a stellar system.

Everything, that was born is doomed to death, including the stars. There are several videos in the Internet under the name "Supernova". However, stars in video are not born, but die. Two types of stellar catastrophe can be distinguished:

– destruction of the star shell, with the core and spherical shape remaining intact;

– nuclear explosion, complete destruction of the star, its core and shell.

Of the first case, video ^[13] in a few seconds a shell of a star "boils up". Its volume quickly and significantly increases. Initially the red color is replaced by white-blue. The spherical shape is preserved, perhaps, by saving the integrity of the core. One can assume, that the rotation speed of the star increases. Probably, the gas planets were destroyed in a similar way.

The second type of star death: video a powerful nuclear explosion occurred with the emission of the stellar matter at the distances, that significantly exceed the size of the star. The supposed cause may be the hit of a large space body at a high speed into the star core. In this case the core splits and a nuclear explosion takes place in the space. Usually the fall of small objects on a star occurs at an angle. In case of core splitting a large object does not fall, but flies into the center of a star vertically at a very high speed and destroys the core. A star can just stop burning – this is its natural death. In this case its surface will remain covered with black granules – so called "black hole". However, it is not a hole. Our Sun "lives" the last millenniums and soon will be dead. Perhaps, our star will just stop burning after having spent all its fuel.

Space Internet

The space is filled not only with the stars and its satellites, but also with the Supreme intellect, which can be called a Space Internet. The human sensory organs cannot feel it in any way. Nevertheless, it is as material, as a material world. The human Internet is somewhat similar to the Space Internet, but at the same time it differs significantly. The data in our Internet is stored on the servers. Possibly, the "space servers" are the stars and their satellites. Probably, there is a permanent access to the Supreme Internet at any time.

All data about the past and the future of galaxies, stars, planets, civilizations and every single soul is stored there. All science laws according to which this world is designed, all present and future technologies are stored there. Human Internet provides all available data upon the user's request. The Supreme Internet decides by itself whether the data should be provided, to whom, when and in which quantities. The knowledge comes from there in limited portions as far as the civilization develops. The knowledge is given to the scientists, which make the progress. Usually they don't even suspect, that them are being helped. For example, Mendeleev saw his periodic table in his dream. It is not the only case, but the most famous one.

All nations in all times have known about the existence of Supreme intellect. This knowledge in the human society has been manifested in the form of different religions. Although there is always a lot of atheists among people, the belief in the Supreme intellect has always existed, exists and will exist. In order to establish the contact with Supreme intellect people build temples, pray, meditate and often receive help.

Conclusion

The theories given in the book do not correspond to generally accepted concepts, but represent the author's opinion on these issues. However, if we "go" only by the beaten tracks, then nothing new can be discovered. A non- standard analysis of the global changes in the SS and on the Earth gives the following conclusions:

– the Great Flood occurred due to the abrupt end of the Ice Age and the rapid melting of glaciers;

– mammoths did not die out, as it is commonly believed, but drowned during the Great Flood, like some other species of animals;

– mammals in the ocean are former inhabitants of Antarctica, turned into inhabitants of ocean, due to the change of species;

– the planets rotate in spiral orbits, ascending or descending, and were initially closer to the asteroid belt;

– the Sun, burning out, loses its mass and energy. As a result life on the planets moves from distant planet – to neighbour: from Neptune – to Uranus, from Uranus – to Saturn, etc.;

– the gas giants have been destroyed, when their closest satellite, descending, has reached the Roche limit and has exploded under the influence of gravity;

– the moons, the spherical satellites of the planets, do not belong to the SS. They have been captured from Space by the gravity force and have been put into orbit by humans;

– sunspots (extinguished areas) appear due to the falling of various space bodies the Sun surface;

– the stars visible to us in the sky are, perhaps, the atoms of various chemicals and the galaxies are the molecules of something incomprehensibly gigantic, inside of which we are.

What do you think, dear reader? Write me: snd939@mail.ru

For translate the book, a Google translator and other Internet translators were used. Please forgive my very bad English.

links:

1. V.Kotlyakov "Global changes of nature in the mirror of the ice core", 1992

2. http://groh.ru/map/ice/ice.html

3. http://newgoal.ru/edgar-cayce-5750-1-english/

4. http://www.antarktis.ru/index.php?mn=def&mns=cs1mctqa9bke6bxfzxtz

5. http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/timaeus.html

6. https://4stor.ru/strashno-interesno/54393-bermudy-i-atlantida.html

7. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunspot

8. http://neoskytown.blogspot.com/2015/10/soho.html

9. https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg