Kitobni o'qish: «Civilizations development and species origin technologies»
This book is dedicated to the memory of the outstanding scientist, Cambridge University Trinity College professor, my distant relative and like-minded person William Whewell
INTRODUCTION
The protein life’s origin on Earth turns out to be one of the fundamental world views concepts in a human beings’ society. There are several theories existing to explain the Universe’s occurrence. These are the Big Bang theory and Penrose-Hawking singularity theory to complement it, Hoyle-Bondi-Gold theory of stationary Universe, Alfevn-Klein cosmological theory and so on. But, none of them is completely proved and taken for granted by all the scientific society members. At the same time, such an important phenomenon as the life origin on Earth is being explained on the basis of two polar points of view. According to one of them, Universe, Earth and protein life have been created by the Creator within a short period of time. In accordance with the second one, life on our planet has originated from the inanimate matter as the result of accidental evolutionary transformations. The existing contradictory world views on the life origin on Earth’s settlement is of vital importance as it is impossible to develop the mankind future development programs without actual views on the environmental development.
It is worth mentioning that existing concepts are not pure scientific in the literary meaning of this word, as they are based neither on observations nor experimental researches which are possible to be reconstructed with the certain degree of credibility. The events under review took place in past and cannot be checked in present. One can judge about them by certain palaeontological and archaeological facts to evidence previous eras. Each of these world views is just a supposition, one of which has been turned into religion while the second one has been granted the scientific status. The facts which can be treated in different ways and viewed from other theoretic point of view are used to justify one’s views.
The accumulated data states that the events sequence can neither be explained by the spontaneous evolutionary processes nor by God’s activity; they need quite another interpretation based on the scientific approach.
From the point of view of the evolutionary theory, it is impossible to explain the way the nucleic acids and a single genetic code were formed from inorganic elements many millions of years ago on Earth. Within the process of experimental studies, it turned out to be possible to get some simple organic compounds under conditions supposedly existed on Earth many millions of years ago, but this does not mean that they did take place in the past. Moreover, the possibility is perceived by the scientific community as a reality. The arguments given can only confirm certain changes, but they do not prove that they did take place. Many modern evolutionary theory conclusions are not obvious and require sophisticated justifications.
However, this is the only fundamental theory in biology nowadays that explains the development and diversity of life on Earth. Despite the great number of shortcomings, it turned into an indisputable faith. Until now, the grounds for abandoning it were not enough, since no other alternative scientific theory existed. At the same time, a huge amount of facts has been accumulated nowadays that either contradict the evolutionary theory, or which cannot be explained by this theory. It is difficult to imagine the lack of expediency and programming nature in an increasingly complex development that occurs according to the pre-defined program similar in different representatives of the animal world and embedded regardless of the each individual’s desires. Therefore, a contemporary educated person is often in uncertainty. On the one hand, he/she cannot accept the evolutionary theory of the species origin by Charles Darwin as a basic concept, realizing that the complexity of protein organisms on Earth cannot have occurred spontaneously, and on the other hand, a person cannot accept religious and mythical views because of their primitiveness and implausibility. Realizing the limited possibilities of a blind evolutionary process, some researchers have put forward a number of other alternative hypotheses. For example, it was assumed that life was brought from outer space by meteorites or particles of light (panspermia), or by intelligent creatures from other planets as an experiment. None of these hypotheses has ever been proved and arises a number of objections.
The current situation emphasizes the need to analyze the known facts from different perspectives and formulate a new concept of the life origin on Earth, which could provide answers to controversial questions and explain many obscure phenomena and events on the planet. William Whewell, a distant noble relative of Maria Wevel, my grandmother, once advocated an inductive method of cognition in science. He stated that the facts should be strung like beads on the thread of an idea that arose in the brain of the researcher and depends on the individual characteristics of the mind. Until nowadays, there were two life and biological species origin ideas threads to string the facts of observation and the environmental research results, which were often customized. One thread was a religious one, and it provided a very simple way to explain the diversity of life by the supernatural deity’s activity. Another thread suggested a gradual organisms’ complication through random natural selection and evolutionary changes. It is considered a scientific one.
Unfortunately, other scientific threads capable of forming a plausible necklace of the protein life occurrence and development on Earth’s theory had not existed yet. Nowadays, there is every reason to consider the creation of the vegetable and animal world on Earth as a thought-out highly intelligent biotechnological process. Therefore, this publication is an attempt to string the already known facts onto the thread of the «technological theory of the species origin». It considers the protein organisms on Earth’s occurrence as a technological process being developed and implemented by a highly developed civilization, the material nature of which is significantly different from protein forms of life.
Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace developed the evolutionary theory at a time when highly intelligent technological production was not developed and modern scientific achievements of human civilization were not available. Therefore, they explained the accumulated facts on the basis of the animals’ intraspecific improvement observations during selection.
It is obvious that the self-organizing processes do exist, but, in accordance with the evolutionary theory, the natural selection leads to the occurrence of capable of thinking organisms from the protozoon organisms. Homo Sapience can serve the example. After that, the further environmental development is subordinated to their natural activity. A lot of scientists have no doubts regarding the existence of the intelligent life in the Universe. But this intelligence can exist not on the distant planets but on the very Earth and the protein life complexity can be the result of its activity.
If the protein world could not have occurred spontaneously as a result of evolutionary processes, the obvious question arises: who has created it and what for? This requires a scientific explanation, leaving religious beliefs beyond. This publication provides ideas regarding the possible material nature of the highly developed intelligence’s carriers. Nowadays, the army (military) archives have accumulated tens of thousands of the unidentified flying objects (UFOs) reported sightings, and Joseph Allen Hynek, Professor of astronomy at North-Western University, USA (Josef Allen Hynek), who had been the U.S. Air Force consultant on the UFO issues for 20 years, and Jacques Vallee, his student, Bachelor of Mathematics and Master in «Astrophysics» of University of Lille, confirmed the existence of UFOs having thoroughly analyzed the data accumulated. Moreover, the USSR Navy commander, the Hero of the Soviet Union, Vladimir Chernavin, Admiral of the Fleet, Nikolay Smirnov, Admiral of the fleet, submitted data regarding the observation of the high-tech facilities in the depths of the ocean and Professor Vladimir Azhazha, the four-striper (post-captain), the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Oceanographic Commission Undersea Research Section Deputy-Head, and many other researchers have revealed the facts of numerous cases of UFO observation.
On the other hand, leading specialists in the field of genetics claim that it is impossible to generate a genetic code spontaneously, and the data by biologists, paleontologists, geologists and volcanologists, complementing each other, line up in one line, confirming the possibility of the existence of an intelligence that controls a lot of processes on Earth. Therefore, it would be logical to combine these observations, what the author of this book has tried to do.
The fact that it is the creationism that is the only alternative to Darwinism and that all ideas to justify the creation and not a spontaneous occurrence are classified as religious ones in the view of society constitutes the ideological problem. In this regard, religion has caused significant harm to the development of a real worldview. However, truth is not based on God but on scientific ideas. Therefore, the modern science’s task is not to neglect the idea of creating the world surrounding us just because it is close to religious dogmas.
The book attempts to overcome the barrier of the laws governing the protein life creation on Earth’s rejection only because these views somehow coincide with the divine creation and are used by theologians. Any scientific concepts that do not share the idea of God will expand our understanding of this most important process on Earth. The book is aimed at replacing both blind faith in the divine creation of the world, and existing views on the evolutionary spontaneous species origin. Even judging from religious positions, the faith of millions of people in the Creator determines the need to answer the question regarding His probable existence on a scientific basis. Then the mythical and deceitful ideas used by theologians to seize the minds of believers will disappear.
The purpose of the given book is to lay the foundation for a new scientific trend in the origin of life on Earth’s study, based not on religious beliefs or the evolutionary theory, but on the basis of universal principles of the intelligent matter development, from primitive thinking to a highly developed civilization, and also to determine the focus and causality of its behaviour. In order to perceive new ideas, it is necessary to get rid of the pressure of the knowledge system imposed by education and try to look at the surrounding phenomena from a different point of view.
The book systematizes numerous well-known facts gleaned from extensive scientific and educational literature, but interpreted from the point of view of the protein life technological origin. They do not pretend to be absolutely accurate, but they provide quite another point of views on the life on Earth’s occurrence and the role of a human being in this process. The task of the book is to show that the creation of protein life is the result of the highly developed civilization’s activity in order to satisfy its energy needs.
The protein life on Earth’s occurrence vagaries and consistent patterns’ analysis is provided, which allows any reader to figure out where and in which cases one deals with random events, random probabilities and possible patterns.
The stated views are the basis for the fundamentally new trends in the scientific, technological, political and religious activities of a human being. They have the same rights to existence as well as the traditional evolutionary and religious views. If the protein world, including human beings, has been created for a specific purpose, then humanity should follow this goal and should not violate its implementation. At the end of the book, the need for the relationships reforming within the human society in accordance with biological laws and the programmed purpose of Homo sapiens as a species is being emphasized, and the possibility of the similar self-replicating structures’ creation to colonize areas unsuitable for living is substantiated.
The book is of a worldview nature and is designed for a wide range of readers of various specialties. The use of specific terms is as reduced as it has been possible. It is neither a popular nor a specialized monograph, since it examines well-known information, but from other scientific positions. Therefore, the book cannot be treated as a popular science one. The style of writing is best suited for the essay regardless of the relatively large volume.
The author has not knowingly set out factual material in accordance with the requirements of academic science while citing published sources. Thousands of various biological specialties’ researchers have already perfectly done it. Taking into consideration the fact that in most cases data provided can be found in any textbook or manual, as well as data by well-known authors, there has been no point in referring to them. At the end of the book there is a list of authors cited, whose papers are well known, and the reference to the main literature used for familiarization by interested readers is provided as well.
Chapter I
ARCHEBIOSIS ON EARTH: CRISIS OF VIEWS ON THE PROBLEM
1.1. RELIGIOUS VIEWS ON THE DIVINE CREATION OF THE WORLD
People have been asking themselves the question «How has the life on Earth originated and developed?» since ancient times, and the answer to it depended on one’s imagination, knowledge and worldview. It is believed that there are three historical types of worldview: mythological, religious and scientific-philosophical one. Historically, religion has always been an instrument for the unification of peoples around a single power, the education of humility and equanimity of power, which, the way it was justified, was given by God.
Despite the fact that basically people agreed on the existence of higher forces in nature, they were represented differently in each tribe and each people had its own understanding of them, developing myths or certain religions. The essence of the religious type of worldview is based on the divine creation of the world and the life on Earth’s occurrence. Most religions set forth common themes about the origin of the Universe and Earth from abyss, as well as the animal and vegetable world by means of a «creation» volutionary act on the part of a higher being.
Paganism when people worshiped certain gods symbolized by them in the form of idols can be considered the earliest religion. The ancient Egyptian mythology does not provide a single version of the world creation; different theories existed in different regions of the country. Ra, the Supreme Sun God, considered the main Creator of the world, was the central point to unite all the theories. According to one version of the God RA emerged from a comprehensive chaos, that is, out of nowhere. He appeared to be the father of all other gods who embodied different elements and forces. An animal or a bird represents the deity giving birth to the Sun and creating the world in many ancient Egyptian legends. There are the traces of the legend according to which the Sun was believed to be borne by the sky in the form of the golden calf; the sky was believed to be a huge cow with the stars scattered over its body.
In other legends, neither animals nor birds are the creators of the world, but gods and goddesses. In one of these legends, the sky is represented in the form of Nut, the female goddess, whose body is curved above Earth, and the fingers and toes rest on Earth. Nut gives birth to a sunny baby, who then creates gods and people. According to later ideas, the creator god Khnum modeled the whole world on a potter’s wheel and created humans and animals in the same way.
As for the Chinese mythology, it was a man who occupied the central place, not God or any other higher power, and the male and female inception, not the elements, were the main active forces. According to the oldest and most famous ancient Chinese legend, Chaos initially reigned in the world, but once upon a time, two opposite inceptions, Yin (Darkness) and Yang (Light) spontaneously appeared from Chaos; they gave birth to the sky and Earth. The first man, Pangu, appeared immediately after it. He was not an ordinary man; he was huge and lived for a very long time. And when his hour came round at last, his body gave birth to nature and people.
His breath turned into wind and clouds, his voice became thunder, his left eye became the sun, and his right one became the Moon. Earth was formed from the Pangu’s body. His arms, legs and torso turned into 4 cardinal points and 5 main mountains, and the sweat on his body turned into rain. Blood flowed through the land in rivers; muscles became the soil, hair turned into grass and trees. His teeth and bones formed simple stones and metals, while his brain formed pearls and precious stones. And the worms on his body turned into people. According to the ancient Greeks’ views, initially there was only Chaos, and the first 6 primordial gods, the ancestors of everything, appeared from it. As in the Egyptian mythology, the Greek gods also personified some forces and elements: Chronos – time, Gaia (Gaea, Ga) – Earth, Eros – Love, Tartarus – the abyss, Erebus (Erebos) – darkness Nyx – night. Later, the first primordial gods children, and then every generation of their descendants have filled the world with new and significant phenomena. Thus, the Nyx’s children introduced the world of light (God Aethir) and day (Goddess Hemera), and the children of Gaia (Gaea, Ga) became the personification of heaven (Uranus) and the sea (Pontus) and so on. There is also the known number of gods who had nothing to do with the world creation; they just governed the world and natural forces. Finally, gods gave rise to Titans who were later precipitated to the Tartarus bowels during the war.
According to the Judaism provisions, the foundations of which are set forth in the Talmud, the first day saw 10 creations: heaven and Earth, confusion and emptiness, light and darkness, spirit and water, the day and night properties.
The Christianity’s central dogma of creation is the «Creation out of Nothing» (Creatio ex Nihilo), when God, with his free will, transforms everything from a non-being state to a state of being. This faith found its first expression in the first three chapters of the first book of the Bible − the Genesis book. All people are created by two definite persons − Adam and Eve. God provided the created angels and man with freedom that was used by them for evil (Genesis 3: 1−6).
As for Catholicism, the first chapters of Genesis are not treated as a literal description of the creation process, but as an allegory. Traditional Lutherans also do not accept the first chapter of Genesis in its literary sense. Some Orthodox theologians instruct to interpret the term «day» as some very long stage of the Universe creation. Jehovah’s Witnesses also point out that the word «day» does not means a day only, but it often means an indefinite period of time. At the same time, in case of modern Protestantism fundamentalist currents and in Orthodoxy, theologians insist on a literal understanding of the first chapters of the Genesis book: the creation of the world within six days.
As for Islam, the creation of the world is described in other way than in the Bible. The Qur’an does not reject the idea of a weekly holiday, which is Friday in Islam. In Islam, contrary to the Bible, it is considered sacrilege to attribute the property of fatigue to the Almighty God, who rested on the seventh day from the work that He spent on the creation of the world. The Bible treats the Sun and the Moon as two luminaries − for controlling the day and controlling the night, the Koran distinguishes them by the use of different epithets: light (nur) – to determine the Moon and torch (siraj) – to determine the Sun.
Hinduism provides at least 3 versions of the world occurrence: from the «cosmic egg», from the «primordial heat» or from parts of the body of the original man. The Rig-Veda (Rigveda) mentions a certain cosmic intercourse.
Buddhist cosmology claims that there is an alternation of the cycles of the Universe emergence and destruction. The Buddhist religion does not have the concept of creating the world by the highest non-material being as God is. The emergence of each new Universe is due to the action of the aggregate karma of living beings of the previous world cycle. Similarly, the cause of the Universe destruction, which has ended its period of existence, is the accumulated bad karma of living beings. Each world cycle is divided into 4 stages: 1) emptiness (from the destruction of one world till the beginning of the formation of other one); 2) the world formation; 3) a stable state period; 4) the world destruction (coagulation, extinction). Each of these stages (kalp) consists of twenty periods of increase and decrease.
Buddhism provides no answer to the questions related to the beginning of world cycles, its end or infinity. The God Brahma appears to be the first creature in the new Universe, who is considered the Creator of the world in Hinduism. As for Buddhism, he is not a Creator but the first divine creature to be worshiped. As any other creatures, he is not immutable and is the subject to the karma cause and effect (consequence) law.
According to the Zoroastrianism universe concept, the world has been existing for 12 thousand years. Its entire history is conditionally divided into 4 periods; each of them lasts for 3 thousand years. The prototypes of everything later created on Earth had already existed in the first Divine Creation period. God creates the sky, planets as well as the first man and first ox during the second period. The first man gives birth to a man and a woman who generate mankind while the first ox generates all the animals. The clash of opposing elements sets the world to motion: water acquires fluidity; mountains arise, celestial bodies run.
In accordance with the Taoism concept, the Universe’s creation is the result of two main forms of energy processes’ occurrence out of nothing: Yin and Yan. Their combinations and interaction generate the «Chi» energy and everything existing in the world as the result.
Realizing the religious doctrines’ insolvency, the attempts to improve them have been made. Thus, Deism, the religious and philosophical trend, acknowledges the God’s existence and the Divine Creation, but disclaims most of supernatural and mystic phenomena, the Divine Revelation and religious dogmatism. Lord Herbert Cherbury is the founder of it. Most of deists believe that God does not interfere in the events taking place in the world after He has created it. They state that intelligence, logics and nature observation are the only means to the God and His Will’s perception. Deism seeks to harmonize science and the idea of the God’s existence, and not to oppose them. The deism followers believe that the scriptures, judging by modern standards, are quite controversial and disputable. They are just the result of a human thought, not the God’s words, and therefore it is impossible to base a worldview on their basis. Traditional religions excessively speculate on the promises of posthumous blisses and threats of hellish torment, which is the way to keep their flock, depriving it of freedom of thought and religion.
Another religious trend is Ietsisme. Its followers believe that, on the one hand, there is something between Heaven and Earth, but, on the other hand, they do not perceive and do not support the established system of beliefs, dogmas and existing explanations of the God’s nature by any particular religion.
Agnosticism doubts the truth or possibility of either proving or refuting the existence of God. According to one point of view, the term «agnostic» can also be used to describe those who believe that the question of the God’s existence can be resolved, but considers the arguments presented in favour of the God’s existence or non-existence of to be unconvincing and insufficient for the firm conclusion.
Ignosticism, or igtheism, is a point of view on theology, according to which the problem of the God’s existence is considered insoluble, since there is no evidence that the theist creature discussed by theologians and philosophers, is intelligible. Igtheists are neither atheists nor agnostics. While atheists do not believe in the God’s existence and agnostics do not know whether God exists or not, igtheists do not understand what is meant when one says that God exists.
The reference to the religions’ gods allowed everyone to answer the most complex and different questions. M. Lomonosov said it well:
«It is easy to be philosophers, having learned three words by heart: God has created in such a way, and giving these words as an answer instead of all the reasons». As for science, such answers are unacceptable. Religion based on faith rejects doubts. Faith is a simplified way to explain the surrounding world phenomena difficult to understand by God’s activity, while religion is a way to cash in on this faith.
From a scientific point of view, the hypothesis about the God’s existence (and «soul», «spirit», «heaven», «hell», concepts related to it, etc.) cannot be verified. Therefore, any speculations about the God’s existence are not scientific by their nature. While science widely uses observation in pursuit of the truth, theology perceives the truth through divine revelation and faith. In science the truth always contains the hypothesis element, preliminary character, but the divine truth is an absolute for the believer. Moreover, the generally accepted evidence of the God’s existence has not been formulated as the definition of God has never been generally accepted. For the same reason, the generally accepted evidence of the God’s non-existence cannot be formulated. However, the issue of His existence remains the subject of lively philosophical disputes and discussions.
Clinton Richard Dawkins, the author of «The God Delusion», published in 2006, argues that the likelihood of any supernatural creator is extremely low and the religious faith is an illusion. According to him, «God is not a convincing explanation, so we can only wait and hope that someone will offer something better».
