Kitobni o'qish: «Красноярский край: вопросы регионального развития. Практикум профессионально ориентированного письменного перевода и перевода с листа.The Krasnoyarsk Krai: the Issues of Regional Development»

Введение

Настоящее пособие посвящено ключевым аспектам профессионально ориентированного письменного перевода и перевода с листа. Два данных вида перевода, имеющих широкое практическое применение в сфере профессионально ориентированной коммуникации, объединены в рамках пособия по тематическому принципу. Настоящее пособие содержит материалы, затрагивающие многие актуальные вопросы регионального развития Красноярского края, и является логическим продолжением учебного пособия С.В. Бершадской, В.А. Разумовской и У.В. Смирновой «Красноярский край: экономика» (Практикум по письменному и устному переводу с листа), опубликованного в Сибирском федеральном университете в 2010 году.

В условиях взаимосвязанных и взаимообусловленных тенденций глобализации и регионализации экономики, несомненно, важную роль играет изучение вопросов экономического развития субъектов Российской Федерации, каждый из которых располагает определённым территориальным и природно-ресурсным потенциалом и одновременно имеет климатические и демографические особенности. В данном пособии текстовой материал, касающийся данной тематики, представлен на примере вопросов регионального развития Красноярского края, однако значительная часть текстов пособия носит универсальный экономически ориентированный характер и предложенный лексический материал в значительной мере может быть успешно применен для описания экономических особенностей многих других регионов России. Понимание перспектив развития региональной экономики невозможно в отрыве от рассмотрения экологических, демографических и макроэкономических факторов. Существующие в настоящее время и потенциальные международные и внешнеэкономические связи многих регионов требуют высококвалифицированного языкового сопровождения, осуществляемого профессионалами в сфере экономики и управления. Поэтому подготовка в области специального экономического перевода является неотъемлемой частью профессиограммы будущих магистров-экономистов и магистров-менеджеров.

Несмотря на существование специфических различий между письменным и устным переводом, авторы считают возможным объединить данные два вида перевода в настоящем пособии, поскольку реальности профессионального коммуникативного пространства современных экономистов и менеджеров требуют тесного сочетания и взаимодействия в их профессиональной деятельности компетенций устного и письменного перевода.

Текстовой материал пособия и используемая система упражнений направлены на формирование у магистрантов основных переводческих компетенций (языковой, коммуникативной, текстообразующей, технической), а также обязательной для профессионального иноязычного общения межкультурной коммуникативной компетенции. Материал пособия составили актуальные и современные тексты различных жанров из российских и англоязычных научно-популярных, публицистических и деловых изданий. Тексты, используемые в данном учебно-методическом пособии, являются фрагментами текстов, опубликованных в открытых источниках, и в рамках данной работы используются исключительно в учебно-методических целях. Выбор текстов определили следующие причины: проблемы региональной экономики должны рассматриваться в контексте российской и мировой экономики; тенденции глобализации и регионализации имеют своим последствием терминологическую гармонизацию и унификацию. Авторы пособия использовали опыт преподавания практического курса профессионально ориентированного английского языка в Сибирском федеральном университете.

Пособие организовано на основе таких базовых методологических принципов, как системность, последовательность, целостность, комплементарность, интерактивность, взаимосвязанность обучения различным видам речевой деятельность, а также взаимосвязанность обучения различным видам перевода.

В структуру пособия входят «Module I. The Krasnoyarsk Krai: Economy», «Module II. The Krasnoyarsk Krai: Demography», «Module III. The Krasnoyarsk Krai: Ecology». «Module IV» содержит английский и русский текстовой материал экономической, демографической и экологической тематики для самостоятельной работы. Части пособия (модули) тесно связаны в содержательном плане. Данная организация учебного материала способствует развитию не только профессиональных, но и общеобразовательных компетенций будущих выпускников программы магистратуры. Представленный в пособии тематический словарь включает наиболее частотные, клишированные единицы подъязыка экономики и менеджмента и способствует оптимизации самостоятельной работы студентов.

Пособие рекомендуется для семинарских занятий и самостоятельной работы студентов магистратуры и рассчитано на 108 академических часов (из них 36 часов аудиторной работы).

Авторы

Module I. The Krasnoyarsk Krai: Economy

Text 1. Krasnoyarsk Krai: General Information

Task 1. Read and study the following text.

Task 2. Write down the words and expressions from the text, which indicate the principle concepts of the topic.

Investment attractiveness of the Krasnoyarsk Krai is determined by a complex of external and domestic factors, which form both positive and negative tendencies of social and economic development, determine the degree of stability and financial independence, the standard of living of the population and business activity.

External competitive advantages of the region are determined by its favorable geographical and geopolitical position.

Krasnoyarsk Krai is:

• one of the largest regions in Russia: its total area is 2.339.7 thousand sq. kilometers (13.7 % of Russia's territory the second largest area among the 89 regions of Russia), population is 2.942.0 thousand (13th largest population), the Krai extends for almost 3.000 kilometers from the Arctic Ocean to the mountainous regions of Southern Siberia;

• the region is exceptionally rich in raw materials with unique fuel, mineral and hydro-energy resources;

• the region has large reserves of timber (larch, pine-tree, cedar, fir and silver fir). The reserves of timber are 7.4 billion cub. meters, i.e. 9.4 % of the total reserves of Russia; having 52.7 million cub. meters of calculated wood cutting area the region annually cuts about 9 million cub. meters (17,1 % of the calculated wood cutting area);

• the largest Russian exporter of non-ferrous metals, with high degree of liquidity in the international markets (2.4 % of the total exports from Russia), non-precious metals and metal-ceramics, fine woods and end products, inorganic chemistry products, nuclear and energetic equipment, mineral raw materials, oil and gas products, synthetic materials, etc.;

• the region with a well-developed transportation system. Its capital – the city of Krasnoyarsk is a large transportation center of Eastern Siberia as it is located at the site where the Trans-Siberian Railway and Trans-Siberian Highway cross the Yenisei River providing access to the Northern Sea Route;

• the region is crossed by a number of domestic and international air routes which, along with realization of the Cross-Polar Air Routes project allowed to shorten the time needed to get from North America to South East Asia.

Internal competitive advantages of the region are determined by the current state of the regional economy and availability of resources for its development in the future. There are following main internal competitive advantages of the Krasnoyarsk Krai:

• the Krai is an important industrial region of Russia (volume of the shipped goods according to the types of economic activities in 2005 made up 376.8 billion rubles);

• a lot of industrial enterprises, including those representing the military industrial establishment, are located in the Krai. This provides great opportunities for diversification and development of the economy;

• a substantial amount of highly qualified and skilled work force is available in the region;

• the Krasnoyarsk Krai is the scientific center of Siberia, advanced branches and scientific institutes are located in its territory;

• there is a number of opportunities for vertical integration of production based on exploitation of local reserves of natural resources and their processing;

• much of scientific and innovative potential of Siberia is concentrated in the Krasnoyarsk Krai, which provides an opportunity for organization of science-intensive types of production;

• there is a number of large export-oriented enterprises, which products are in steady demand in the world market;

• there are great opportunities for cooperation with the neighboring regions, the CIS and foreign countries, as well as for diversification of foreign trade geography.

The Krasnoyarsk Krai, being the second Russian region according to its territory comprises 2 Autonomous Districts (Taimyr and Evenkiya), 48 districts and 25 towns, which are combined into 10 zones with similar economy and a common area.

The Krasnoyarsk Krai is characterized by a complex territorial structure, where all the districts differ on the quantity of natural resources and level of industrial development.

There are following economic zones of the Krasnoyarsk Krai:

1. Taymyr Autonomous Okrug;

2. Evenk Autonomous Okrug; 3. Norilsk industrial complex;

4. Northern group of regions (Turukhansk district, town of Igarka);

5. Eastern part of Lower Angara River Region (Boguchany and Kezhma districts);

6. Western part of Lower Angara River Region (Kazachinsky, Pirovsky, Motyguino,

7. Yeniseisk, Severo-Yeniseisky districts, towns of Yeniseisk and Lesosibirsk);

8. Achinsk group of regions (Achinsk, Birilussy, Bogotol, Bolshoy Uluy, Kozulka, Nazarovo, Tukhtet, Uzhur, Sharypovo districts, the towns of Achinsk, Bogotol, Nazarovo and Sharypovo);

9. Kansk group of regions (Aban, Dzerzhinsky, Ilansky, Irbeysky, Kansk, Nizhny Ingash, Partizansky, Rybinsky, Sayansky, Taseyevo, Uyar districts, the towns of Kansk, Borodino and Zaozerny);

10. Krasnoyarsk group of regions (Balakhta, Berezovka, Bolshaya Murta, Yemelyanovo, Mansky, Novoselovo, Sukhobuzimsky districts, the city of Krasnoyarsk, the towns of Sosnovoborsk and Divnogorsk);

11. Southern group of regions (Yermakovsky, Idrinsky, Karatuzsky, Krasnoturansk, Kuragino, Minusinsk, Shushensky, the town of Minusinsk).

Source: http://www.krskstate.ru

Task 3. Find the word/expression in the right-hand column that could meaningfully replace one of the words/expressions on the left in English-Russian translation.

Task 4. Give the English translation equivalents of the following Russian words and expressions from the above text.

Task 5. Give the Russian translation equivalents of the following English expressions with the keyword «industry»:

Степень стабильности, благоприятная географическая и геополитическая позиция, сырье, запасы древесины, ежегодная вырубка леса, металлокерамика, транспортный центр, шоссе, внутренние и международные воздушные коридоры, промышленный регион, научный центр, наукоемкие виды производства, пользоваться постоянным спросом, автономный округ, промышленное развитие.

Key industry, growing industry, domestic industry, international industry, local industry, state-run industry, heavy industry, construction industry, entertainment industry, nationalized industry, to develop industry, to stimulate industry, to destroy industry, to regulate industry, to be involved in industry, industry leader, commerce and industry, a sector of industry, trade and industry, the revival of industry.

Task 6. Translate the following mini-texts into Russian, using the words and expressions from the above text and Tasks 2–5 or a dictionary if necessary.

1. The Trans-Siberian railway remains the most important transportation link within Russia; around 30% of Russian exports travel on the line. While it attracts many foreign tourists, it gets most of its use from domestic passengers.

2. The increasing intensity of competition in global markets is a challenge facing companies at all stages of involvement in international markets.

3. Standard of living refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area.

4. The evaluation of the Investment Attractiveness Index of Ukraine is conducted by the European Business. The index is based on regular monitoring of the investment climate of Ukraine by the first persons of the EBA member-companies.

5. Competitive advantage occurs when an organization acquires or develops an attribute or combination of attributes that allows it to outperform its competitors. These attributes can include access to natural resources, such as high grade ores or inexpensive power, or access to highly trained and skilled personnel human resources.

6. Despite today's high unemployment rate, skilled workers are in high demand in the construction staffing market.

Task 7. Make an English annotation of the text “The Krasnoyarsk Krai: Economy” (100–120 words), using the keywords and expressions using the results of the previous tasks 3–6.

Task 8. Translate your English annotation into Russian.

Task 9. Compare your Russian annotation with the sample one, which will be given to you by your teacher. Revise your translation, saying which translation variant is better and why.

Task 10. Give a written summary of the text “The Krasnoyarsk Krai: Economy” (300–350 words).

Text 2. Tax Climate in the Region

Task 1. Read and study the following text; refer to the vocabulary list given below.

The tax climate in the region is determined by the set of the acts regulating tax system elements of the Russian Federation:

• kinds of taxes;

• distribution of taxes depending on the budget levels;

• taxation.

According to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation there are federal, regional and local taxes. Federal taxes – the sizes of rates, objects of taxation, tax payers, order of their transfer into the budget and commercial funds are established by the legislative acts of the Russian Federation and are raised in its entire territory. Regional taxes and their rates are established by the acts of the Russian Federation and regional authorities and are raised in the whole territory of the region.

The rates under the local taxes (land tax, property tax) are established by the representative bodies of local self-governing authorities of urban districts, municipal areas and rural settlements. The tax on profit of organizations is established by chapter 25 of the Tax code, and is obligatory to payment in the territory of the Russian Federation. The tax rate under the tax on profit is established at the rate of 24 percent, thus: the sum of the tax estimated at a rate of 6.5 percent is accounted into the federal budget; the sum of the tax estimated at a rate of 17.5 percent is accounted into the budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The tax rate of the tax is the subject to be transferred into the budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation and can be reduced for the separate categories of tax bearers according to the laws of the Russian Federation subjects. However, the specified tax rate cannot be lower than 13.5 percent.

The tax on property of organizations is established by chapter 30 of the Tax Code and laws of the Russian Federation subjects, and from the moment of introduction in action are obligatory to payment in the territory of the corresponding subject of the Russian Federation.

Establishing the tax, the legislative (representative) bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation determine the tax rate in limits established by the present chapter, order and terms of tax payments, form of accounting under the tax. With the tax establishment, the laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation can also provide tax privileges and bases for their use by tax bearers.

The transport tax is established by chapter 28 of the Tax Code and laws of the Russian Federation subjects, and it is introduced into action according to the present Code by the laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation on the tax and is obligatory to payment in the territory of the corresponding subject of the Russian Federation.

The tax rates are established by the laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation respectively depending on engine’s capacity, draft of the jet engine or total capacity of a vehicle and its category in account on one horse power of vehicle’s engine capacity, one kg of power of draft of the jet engine, one register ton of vehicle or its unit.

The forms of the government assistance for the participants of the investment activity are established in compliance with the Krasnoyarsk Krai law by 30.09.2004 № 12-2278 “The state support of the investment activity”.

Tax benefits on regional taxes for the subjects of the investment activity are granted to the separate categories of taxpayers which are united by the activity category, sectoral, social or other factors, including projects of creating new manufactures executors which are not realized by this investor in the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Krai.

The state guarantees of the territory are given to the investors for maintenance of execution of their obligations before the third parties. The Board of the Krasnoyarsk Krai administration within the framework of the agreement on the state support of investment activity can take up the obligations (guarantees) to compensate possible damage to investors, caused by default of fulfilling conditions, stipulated by the contract.

The budget credits are given to the investors on returnable and compensated bases. Target character, conditions, order of granting and limits are established by the law of the Krai in the regional budget for the appropriate financial year and the Law of the Krasnoyarsk Krai “On the budget process in the Krasnoyarsk Krai”.

The investment tax credit is such a change of term of tax payment, with which the opportunity during the certain term and in the certain limits is given to legal persons to reduce the tax payments, subject to be transferred into the regional budget, with subsequent gradual payment of the sum of the credit and charged interests. The investment tax credit can be given at the level of regional taxes, and also under tax for organizations’ profit into the regional budget. The investment tax credit under the regional taxes can be given for the term from one year to seven years. The rate of interest for use the investment tax credit under regional taxes is established at a rate from 1/10 up to 1 from the rate of refinancing of the Bank of Russia. The investment tax credit under the regional taxes is given at a rate of not more than 50 percent of expenses on realization of the investment project.

The preferential rent for the use of property is established for legal persons, carrying out investment projects and renting state property of the Krasnoyarsk Krai, for the term of not more than five years, but not more than the term of compensation of the project, at a rate of 50 percent of the established size of a rent payment.

The subsides for compensation of a part of expenses on interest payment for using the credits received by the subjects of investment activity at the Russian credit organizations, and also on rent payment for property, got by the rent contracts for realization of the investment projects, represent partial compensation for the expenditures.

The order of registration of investment projects, estimation of efficiency of a capital investment, selection of the investment projects for compensation of expenses subsidies, expenditures of means of the regional budget are established by the Board of the Krasnoyarsk Krai administration Act dated from 23.03.05 № 91-p “On state support of investment activity”.

Source: http://www.krskstate.ru

Vocabulary list

tax climate – налоговый климат

budget levels – уровни бюджетных ассигнований

taxation – налогообложение

the Tax Code – налоговый кодекс

local taxes – местные налоги

federal taxes – федеральные налоги

tax payers – налогоплательщики

land tax – земельный налог

property tax – налог на собственность

local self-governing authorities – местные органы самоуправления

tax on profit – налог на прибыль

tax rate – ставка налогообложения

tax privileges,

tax benefits – налоговые льготы

tax bearers – налогоплательщики

regional taxes – краевые налоги

state guarantees – государственные гарантии

investment tax credit – налоговая льгота на инвестиции

compensation subsides – дотации на компенсацию

interest payment – выплата процентов

investment projects – инвестиционные проекты

expenditures – расходы, затраты, издержки

capital investment – вложение капитала, инвестиции

Task 2. Identify and underline the keywords and expressions in the above text.

Task 3. Give the English translation equivalents of the following Russian words and expression from the above text.

Типы налогов, распределение налогов, муниципальное образование, субъекты Российской федерации, транспортный налог, лошадиная сила, объем двигателя, реактивный двигатель, государственная поддержка, прибыль организаций, юридическое лицо, налоговая выплата, ставка рефинансирования, аренда государственной собственности, реализация инвестиционного проекта, частичная компенсация расходов.

Task 4. Give the Russian translation equivalents of the following expressions with the keyword “tax”.

Direct tax, indirect tax, progressive tax, redistributive tax, regressive tax, council tax, poll tax, inheritance tax, wealth tax, sales tax, consumption tax, value added tax, capital transfer tax, investment tax, company tax, corporation tax, road tax, carbon tax, energy tax, fuel tax, petrol tax, excise tax, import tax, to introduce a tax, to collect taxes, to levy taxes, to deduct taxes, to increase taxes, to cut taxes, to abolish taxes, to avoid taxes, taxman, tax law, tax measure, tax reform, tax revenue, tax break, tax advantage, tax allowance, tax exemption, tax fraud, tax consultant, tax inspector, tax loophole.

Task 5. Translate the following mini-texts into Russian, using the words and expressions from the above text and Tasks 2–4 or a dictionary if necessary.

1. Taxation in the United Kingdom may involve payments to a minimum of two different levels of government: the central government (Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs) and local government. Central government revenues come primarily from income tax, National Insurance contributions, value added tax, corporation tax and fuel duty. Local government revenues come primarily from grants from central government funds, business rates in England and Wales, Council Tax and increasingly from fees and charges such as those from on-street parking.

2. Every state has a state guarantee for insurance companies. Most of the state’s programs guarantee annuities and the cash value of life insurance. For annuities most are guaranteed up to $300.000 but make sure your state is the same. The guarantee is not against the value dropping if you are invested in a variable annuity. The guarantees are to protect investors in case the insurance company goes out of business.

3. The earlier announced subsidies are intended to help employers fulfill a government mandate to raise the wages of low earners who would otherwise take home less because of recently introduced tax changes. The subsidies support a 5 % increase in the wages of such earners.

4. Capital investment may also refer to a firm's acquisition of capital assets or fixed assets such as manufacturing plants and machinery that is expected to be productive over many years. Sources of capital investment are manifold, and can include equity investors, banks, financial institutions, venture capital and angel investors. While capital investment is usually earmarked for capital or long-life assets, a portion may also be used for working capital purposes.

5. We use a laboratory experiment to investigate how the level of a budget assigned to an employee by a firm owner affects employee effort. Consistent with reciprocity and fairness models, we find a negative relationship between budget levels and employee effort – many employees responded to a low budget with high effort and responded to a high budget with low effort. We observed higher levels of reciprocal behavior (i.e., lower budgets and higher effort) when the same employee-owner dyad interacted for multiple periods relative to dyads only interacting for a single period.

6. Business expenditures can be divided into capital and revenue expenditures. Capital expenditures are expenditures that produce benefits across multiple time periods, such as the costs to acquire and make ready for use long-term assets. In contrast, revenue expenditures are expenditures that produce benefits across one single time period such as the costs to acquire products intended for sale and to run the operations to sell those same products. Revenue expenditures are more often called expenses.

7. Interest payment represents a payment amount determined by the interest rate on an account. As a borrower, an interest payment represents the rate charged for being lent funds. As an investor, interest payments represent income on earned cash accounts or fixed and variable rate securities.

8. On results of the first half-year 18 banks have entered into the list of 1000 largest tax bearers of the country. It paid 3.84 billion drams into the state budget. According to State tax service RA, Unibank also has entered into the list of the largest tax bearers of the country. The Bank has taken 151st place. In general, Unibank paid 140.6 million drams in the state budget.

Task 6. Determine the key information in each paragraph of the text “Tax Climate in the Region” and the corresponding key concepts and English words and expressions; write them down in the language of the original text.

Task 7. Make an English annotation of the text “Tax Climate in the Region” (100–120 words), using the results of the previous Tasks 2–6.

Task 8. Translate the section of the text “Tax Climate in the Region” entitled “The investment tax credit” into Russian, using a dictionary if necessary.

Task 9. “Back-translate” your Russian translation into English. Compare your translation with the original text. Discuss both English variants of the section

“The investment tax credit”, paying particular attention to the key concepts and corresponding words and expressions.

Task 10. Give a gist intralingual translation (English into English) of the original text. Your translation should not exceed 1/3 of the original text size.

Task 11. Recast the gist translation of the text in different words, adapting it for high school students.