Истина как философская категория всегда привлекала внимание мыслителей разных эпох и разных народов. При этом очень быстро стало ясно, что проявление истины в различных сферах человеческой практики бывает разным. Уголовное право не является в этом случае исключением.

Работа предназначена для юристов, философов, теоретиков и практиков, специализирующихся в области законопроектной деятельности, а также всех интересующихся проблемами уголовного права.

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Юрий Голик
Истина в уголовном праве

Res judicata pro veritate habetur. (Судебное решение должно приниматься за истину.)

Non est veritatis juducium in sensibus. (Нет истинного суждения в чувствах.)

Amicus Plato, sed magis amica Veritas. (Платон мне друг, но истина дороже.)

In vino veritas. (Истина в вине.)

Истинно говорю вам —
риторическая фигура арамейского языка, используемая для смыслового ударения. Часто встречается в Библии.

Истина принадлежит человеку, заблуждение – его эпохе.
И. В. Гёте

Правда у каждого своя, а истина одна на всех.
Народная мудрость

Истину нельзя объяснить так, чтобы её поняли; надо, чтобы в неё поверили.
W. Blake (1757–1827)

Предисловие

Эта небольшая работа появилась на свет при странных обстоятельствах. В ноябре 2012 года я в составе группы российских учёных был в Китае на представительном Международном форуме по изучению преступности в эпоху глобализации, созванном китайски ми коллегами. Как-то в один из перерывов ко мне подошёл Анатолий Валентинович Наумов и в процессе разговора «ни о чём» что-то спросил о моей недавней работе, посвящённой исследованию категории «цель» в уголовном праве. Я ответил и поинтересовался, чего ради эта работа его заинтересовала. Он сказал, что ответит чуть позже. А поз же он мне объявил, что хочет посвятить очередной семинар, который ведёт уже на протяжении ряда лет, обсуждению проблемы истины в уголовном праве и предлагает мне выступить там с докладом.

Мысли понеслись стремительно. Я почему-то вспомнил книгу Х.-Г. Гадамера «Истина и метод» – культовую книгу всех герменевтов конца 80-х годов прошлого столетия. Тут же понял, что ничего из неё не помню, за исключением нескольких собственно герменевтических пассажей. Пришёл к выводу, что нахожусь в безвыходном положении и… согласился.

Тема оказалась такой же интересной и захватывающей, как и сам процесс поиска истины в любом вопросе. Эта тема имеет начало, но не имеет конца. И не будет его иметь в обозримом будущем. А может быть, и вообще она не имеет конца. Процесс поиска истины бесконечен и завершится лишь вместе с завершением истории человечества. «Конец истории» Ф. Фукуямы [1]1
Фукуяма Ф. Конец истории и последний человек. – М.: АСТ, 2007.

[Закрыть] в этом отношении любопытная безделушка и не более того.

Зачем мы этим занимаемся? «Учёный, стремящийся к социальной истине, не может ограничиться только описанием и объяснением того, что есть, а тем самым оправданием существующего положения вещей: исходя из идеала и ценностей соответствующей идеологии, он прокладывает мост из мира сущего в мир должного»[2]2
Коршунов А. М., Мантатов В. В. Диалектика социального познания. – М.: Политиздат, 1988. – С. 94.

[Закрыть].

И это очень важно; недаром во всех диссертациях по праву, особенно кандидатских, существует масса предложений de lege ferenda. Это и есть попытки проложить мостик от сущего – de lege lata – к должному – de lege ferenda. Пусть и не всегда удачные и обоснованные – это уже другой вопрос.

Итак, попробуем.

Общее понимание истины как проблемы

Русский язык один из немногих языков, где слова «истина» и «правда» различаются по своему смысловому содержанию. Возможно, это станет ясно после ознакомления с настоящей работой.

Истина всегда конкретна и привязана ко времени и пространству. В древности Истину часто изображали в виде прекрасной девушки, которую тащит куда-то мерзкий старик – Время.

В общем-то, мы знаем это с детства, но как-то не акцентируем на этом обстоятельстве своего внимания. Вспомните «Сказку о мёртвой царевне и семи богатырях» А. С. Пушкина. Как говорила, красуясь перед зеркальцем, злая царица:

\t\t
«Свет мой, зеркальце! Скажи
Да всю правду доложи:
Я ль на свете всех милее,
Всех румяней и белее».
\t\t

И зеркальце всегда отвечало утвердительно. До определённого момента. Но пришло время, и оно сказало: «Но…» И началась новая эпоха. Изменилась система координат.

Чтобы определить какое-то явление как истинное, надо, прежде всего, зафиксировать его, предмет (не бесконечный объект, а всего лишь объект нашего внимания), в определённой системе координат. При этом надо всегда помнить, что «для решения разных задач исследователь может занять разные позиции и потому в одном и том же объекте увидеть разные предметы»[3]3
Сагатовский В. Н. Основы систематизации всеобщих категорий. – Томск: Изд-во ТГУ, 1973. – С. 141.

[Закрыть]. Очень показателен в этом отношении пример со стаканом, использованный в своё время Лениным в одной из своих работ: «Стакан есть, бесспорно, и стеклянный цилиндр и инструмент для питья. Но стакан имеет не только эти два свойства, или качества, или стороны, а бесконечное количество других свойств, качеств, сторон, взаимоотношений и «опосредствований» со всем остальным миром. Стакан есть тяжёлый предмет, который может быть инструментом для бросания. Стакан может служить как пресс папье, как помещение для пойманной бабочки, стакан может иметь ценность как предмет с художественной резьбой или рисунком, совершенно независимо от того, годен он для питья, сделан ли он из стекла, является ли форма его цилиндрической или не совсем, и так далее и тому подобное.

Далее. Если мне нужен стакан сейчас как инструмент для питья, то мне совершенно не важно знать, вполне ли цилиндрическая его форма и действительно ли он сделан из стекла, но зато важно, что бы в дне не было трещины, чтобы нельзя было поранить губы, употребляя этот стакан и т. п. Если же мне нужен стакан не для питья, а для такого употребления, для которого годен всякий стеклянный цилиндр, тогда для меня годится и стакан с трещиной в дне или даже вовсе без дна»[4]4
Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. – Т. 42. – С. 289.

[Закрыть].

Второй абзац важен для уяснения цели использования истины и её конкретно-темпорального характера. То есть нет и не может быть истин на все времена и на все случаи жизни.

В общем-то, при желании мы можем едва ли не любой предмет, любую вещь рассмотреть под этим углом зрения. Важно изначально определиться с системой координат, а то собеседники могут просто не понять друг друга. Говоря о картах, один будет понимать под этим топографические карты, другой – игральные, третий – карты Таро и т. д. И каждый будет прав и искренен, давая характеристику и описание «своих» карт.

Игнорирование этого обстоятельства может привести к самым разным последствиям. Иногда даже таким, о которых первоначально никто не задумывался.

В середине 50-х – начале 60-х годов прошлого века юристы, «ужаснувшиеся последствиям сталинских репрессий, часто облечённых в форму уголовно-процессуальной деятельности, попросили философов дать им концепцию познания обстоятельств совершенного преступления, пусть даже идеалистическую, но весьма надёжную в нравственном плане для предотвращения той горькой практики, что страна пережила в 30-40-е гг. XX столетия»[5]5
Козявин А. А. Критерий истины, познаваемой в уголовном процессе, в свете возможности её нормативной формализации // Библиотека криминалиста. Научный журнал. – 2012. – № 4. – С. 113.

[Закрыть]. А есть ли такая концепция? Была ли она когда-нибудь? Возможно ли её вообще создать?

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Юрий ГоликИстина в уголовном праве

Предисловие

Общее понимание истины как проблемы

Юрий Голик
Истина в уголовном праве