Kitobni o'qish: «Summary: The Art of Systems Thinking. Essential Skills for Creativity and Problem Solving. Joseph O’Connor, Ian McDermott»

Автор:

Joseph O’Connor, Ian McDermott

Оригинальное название:

The Art of Systems Thinking. Essential Skills for Creativity and Problem Solving

www.smartreading.ru

Systems in a World of Systems

We are all systems living in a world of systems. The human body is an excellent example of a system consisting of a myriad of systems that work in harmony: immune, digestive, blood-vascular and many others. The cities in which we live are also complex systems that work in combination with other complex systems. We use systems in everyday life, we work in organizational systems, and planet Earth is a system rotating in the solar system. At the same time, we are taught from our childhood to use mostly formal logic, which in most cases succumbs to complexity and multi-pass systems. To deal efficiently with difficult situations, solve complicated problems and achieve success in various areas of life (business, health maintenance, personal relationships, sports, etc.), it is very important to learn how to operate in a systems thinking mindset and realize its importance.

Systems thinking teaches us to be modest and understand how complicated, contradictory, and unpredictable the world is. Our consciousness, even with the help of the most advanced computers, is not able to fully understand the world and estimate all the consequences of our actions, which quickly spread like ripples across water. Systems thinking provides us with the keys to understanding the world, because by concentrating on the nature of the connections between elements you can find many similar structures and rules of operation of completely different systems – financial, human, marketing, technical, and physiological. Once you understand the pattern of a functioning system, one can learn how to effectively predict its behavior and influence it. This means that systems thinking allows you, without spending years of life studying specific areas of knowledge, to understand how a variety of systems work.

Thinking Beyond the Obvious

What is a system?

A system is an entity, the interconnected parts of which function as a whole. Any system consists of smaller systems and, in turn, is part of even larger systems. It is thanks to the interaction of the parts and the connections between them that a system maintains its existence. If something is added to or removed from a system, it will change as the location of parts within the system can also be decisive for its existence.

Systems thinking is focused on the system as a whole, on its parts, as well as on the connections between the parts. The properties of a system are the properties of the whole, the individual parts of which do not possess these properties individually. Therefore, systems thinking begins with the study of the whole – from the general to the particular. To understand the properties of a system, one must observe it in action. And by understanding how one system works one can understand the behavior of other systems since it does not depend on the parts of the systems, but rather on the relationships between the parts.

The basic property of a system is that by dividing it into its parts, you will get not several systems, but a damaged and non-operable system. Neither the car’s engine nor its carburetor will go far on its own. When we begin to study the parts of a system separately, another danger lies in wait for us – we lose track of and miss the connections between the parts that are fundamentally important for the formation of the properties that interest us. In this case, our understanding becomes incomplete and false, and our conclusions incorrect, perhaps even harmful.

Analysis – the breaking down of a system into its parts – gives us knowledge, and synthesis – combining parts into a whole – helps us understand. Breaking down a system (analysis) in order to understand what it consists of and how each of the parts works can also be very helpful if done right.

The behavior of a system depends on its structure; when the structure changes, the system changes. The more complex the system is, the less predictable its properties are. The properties of a system are called emergent, or arising, because they arise only in the process of its operation: individual pictures turn into a cartoon when the projector starts operating; when a car is moving; when a whirlpool suddenly appears in the river; when a rainbow is born when water splashes. Our consciousness is also an emergent property, created by millions of neuron connections.