Kitobni o'qish: «Learn to be happy! Confidence and Success», sahifa 16

In other cultures, such as Japan, China, and Orthodox Christianity, Buddhism, Sufism, etc.

Introversion is common in dominant areas. These cultural differences predict people’s happiness because people who score high on extraversion tend to be happier on average, especially in extroverted cultures, and vice versa.

ATTITUDE ON HAPPINESS AND CONFIDENCE

As mentioned earlier, extroverts tend to have more positive mood levels than introverts. however, this comparison was only found between positively activated extraversion.

There was no relationship between extraversion and inactive forms of positive affect, such as contentment or calmness, although one study found a negative relationship (ie, showing an advantage over introversion) between extraversion and inactive positive affect. between affiliative (desire to socialize with other people, human need to create warm, reliable, emotionally significant relationships) extroversion and activated positive affect (explosive emotional process characterized by short duration and high intensity, often accompanied by clear motor manifestations and changes in the work of internal organs) no significant association, especially when controlling for neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by emotional instability, anxiety, low self-esteem, and sometimes autonomic disturbances). concluded that extraversion and emotional stability are the best predictors of subjective well-being. for example, Argyle and Lou (1990) found that trait extraversion as measured by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) was significantly correlated with positive affect as measured by the Oxford Happiness Inventory (an item with certain continuity properties). using the same scale of positive affect and extraversion, Hills and Argyle (2001) found that positive affect continued to be significantly correlated with extraversion (an item with certain continuity properties). in addition, a study by Emmons and Edward Diner (1986) found that extraversion was significantly correlated with positive affect rather than negative affect (an item with certain continuity properties). Using Costa and McCrae’s (1986) Five-Factor Personality Inventory (Big Five), a shortened general well-being scale that identifies positive and negative affect, and a short version of the neo (neuroticism-extraversion-openness) extraversion scale, the authors reported increased well-being in extroverts across the two periods of data collection.: first in 1971—1975, then in 1981—1984. However, the latter study did not control for neuroticism (inability to effectively regulate negative emotions), which is an important covariate when examining the relationship between extraversion and positive affect or well-being.

Studies controlling for neuroticism have found no significant relationship between extraversion and subjective well-being. Larsen and Ketelaar (1991). Extroverts have been shown to respond more to positive affect than to negative affect because they show high reactivity to the induction of positive affect, but they do not respond to the more negative induction of negative affect. According to Danish psychotherapist Ilse Sand, to achieve psychological comfort, introverts must carefully measure the level of emotional distress. Personality traits create situations and actions that have affective consequences, hence emotional differences. One explanation for the increased subjective well-being of extroverts is that extraversion helps create life situations that promote higher levels of positive affect.

The personality trait of extraversion has been viewed as a factor contributing to greater social interaction, as extroverts’ lower levels of cortical arousal lead them to seek out more social situations to increase their arousal. According to the social activity hypothesis, frequent participation in social situations produces frequent and high levels of positive affect. Therefore, since extroverts are characterized as more sociable than introverts, they have higher levels of positive affect resulting from social interactions. In particular, findings from Furnham and Brewin’s (1990) study suggest that extroverts enjoy and participate more in social activities than introverts, and as a result, extroverts report higher levels of happiness. Furthermore, Argyle and Lu (1990) study found that extroverts were less likely to avoid noisy social events and more likely to engage in social activities such as parties, pranks, or going to the movies. They found that extroverts are more likely than introverts to seek out social situations, especially recreational ones (a set of health measures implemented in order to restore normal well-being and labor productivity of a healthy but tired person) when engaged in activities. Extroverts have been found to be happier than introverts, even when alone.

In particular, extroverts are happier whether they live alone or with others, even if they live in a rural area. Although extroverts were more likely to choose social work than non-social work (51%) than introverts (38%), they also reported being happier than introverts.

Extroverts were found to be more socially active than introverts, but overall, extroverts and introverts did not differ in the amount of socializing they engaged in. Both extroverts and introverts enjoy participating in social interactions, but extroverts have been found to be more socially engaged. Research has shown that both extroverts and introverts participate in social interactions, but the quality of that participation varies. The frequency of social participation of extroverts can be explained by the fact that extroverts know more people, but these people are not necessarily their close friends, while introverts are selective when it comes to social relations and only have close friends with them. Another explanation for the high correlation between extraversion and happiness (certain continuum traits) can be found in a study by Ashton, Lee, and Paunonen (2002). They said that the main element of extroversion is not the stimulation of sensitivity, but the tendency to attract the attention of society, to always receive their support.

They proved that one of the main qualities of attracting public attention is the ability to be useful to it. Therefore, if a person shows positive emotions, enthusiasm and energy, he will be well received by others and he will attract the attention of others. A positive reaction may encourage extroverts to engage in further extroverted behavior. Ashton, Lee, and Paunonen’s (2002) study found that their measure of social attention, the Social Attention Scale, was more strongly related to extraversion than measures of sensitivity to reward. The temperament approach is based on the belief that there is a direct relationship between people’s personality traits and their sensitivity to positive and negative influences. The affective reactivity model posits that the strength of a person’s response to affective events results from differences in affect among individuals. This model is based on Jeffrey Alan Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, in which people with a strong behavioral activation system (BAS) have a high degree of reward (reward) reactivity and are prone to personality extraversion, while people with a strong behavioral inhibition system (BIS/behavioral inhibition system) are less responsive to rewards, more prone to the personality traits of neuroticism and introversion. Therefore, extroverts are considered to have a temperamental predisposition to positive affect, because induction of a positive mood affects them more than introverts, so extroverts are more responsive to positive affect. Individuals with high BAS sensitivity reported higher levels of moderate negative affect, whereas individuals with high BAS sensitivity reported higher levels of positive affect. Also, Zelensky and Larsen (1999) found that individuals with high BAS sensitivity reported more positive emotions during positive mood inductions, whereas individuals with a sensitive BIS (behavioral inhibition system) reported more negative emotions during negative mood inductions..

Social reactivity theory states that all people are obliged to participate in social situations whether they want to or not. Because extroverts enjoy social interaction more than introverts, they also receive more positive feedback from such situations than introverts. It is derived from the work of Brian R. Little, who popularized this theory. Few would argue that life requires people to engage in social situations and that social behavior is detrimental to introverts’ well-being because they are not characteristic of introverts. So one way to keep introverts well-being is to recharge as often as possible in places where they can come back to their authentic selves – what Little calls «the realm of activity that puts your talents to use.» However, extroverts were found to be less affected than introverts in social situations and did not report increased positive affect during such positive interactions. Another possible explanation for extroverts’ happiness is that extroverts are better able to regulate their affective states. This suggests that in ambiguous situations (situations in which positive and negative moods are mixed in equal proportions), extroverts show a slower decline in positive affect and, as a result, need to maintain a more positive affect balance than introverts. Extroverts may also choose activities that promote happiness (eg, recalling positive moments over negative ones) than introverts by anticipating difficult tasks. According to the set-point model, the levels of positive and negative affect are more or less fixed in each individual, so that after a positive or negative event, people’s mood tends to return to a predetermined level. According to the set-point model, extraverts experience happiness because their preset level of positive affect is higher than introverts’ level of positive affect, so extraverts need less reinforcement of positive affect to feel happy. A study by Peter Kuppens (2008) found that extroverts and introverts react differently when experiencing positive emotions, which explains the underestimation of the frequency and intensity of happiness expressed by introverts. Specifically, Kuppens (2008) found that arousal and positive emotions were positively correlated with extroverts, meaning that positive emotions were more likely to be accompanied by high arousal in extroverts. On the other hand, arousal and positive emotions are negatively correlated with introverts, resulting in introverts showing lower arousal when enjoying themselves. In other words, if everything is going well in the life of an extrovert, if this is a source of positive feelings, extroverts see this situation as an opportunity for active behavior and pursuit of goals, which creates an active, exciting, positive state. When things are going well for introverts, they see it as an opportunity to let their guard down, and as a result, they indulge freely. Many studies have shown that neuroticism (the inability to regulate negative emotions) has an equal, if not greater, effect on happiness and subjective well-being than extraversion. One study of school children divided into four categories according to the obtained points. The results showed no significant difference between the happiness levels of stable introverts and stable extroverts, while both unstable extroverts and introverts reported significantly less happiness than their counterparts.

Neuroticism was the most important factor in general well-being in this study.

Similarly, in recent studies, researchers have used rating scales to examine categories such as self-esteem and life purpose orientation, which have been found to be positively correlated with happiness. Participants’ responses to these questions indicated that neuroticism had a greater effect on measures of well-being than extraversion. Although extraversion and neuroticism seem to have the greatest impact on personal happiness, other Big Five personality factors have been shown to be related to happiness and subjective well-being. For example, one study found a correlation of about 0.20 between conscientiousness and agreeableness with subjective well-being.

Although the influence of these traits is not as strong as that of extraversion or neuroticism, it is clear that they still influence happiness outcomes. Similarly, the interaction between extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness had a significant effect on subjective well-being. In one study, researchers used three scales to assess subjective well-being. They found that extraversion was a predictor of only one assessment when combined with neuroticism, while the other two assessment outcomes were best predicted by conscientiousness and neuroticism. Do you think it is important to include other factors in evaluating happiness? There is also evidence that other non-traditional elements of personality may be associated with happiness. For example, one study found that different goal characteristics, such as progress toward or conflict between important goals, can influence emotional and cognitive well-being. A number of other researchers have also suggested that, at least in individualistic cultures, a coherent sense of identity (actions consistent with the self-concept) is positively related to well-being. Thus, focusing on extraversion and neuroticism may provide an incomplete picture of the relationship between happiness and personality. The general level of happiness varies from culture to culture, and so does the preferred expression of happiness. Various international studies have a scale that shows differences in average life satisfaction between different nationalities and different ethnic groups when compared across countries. For example, one researcher found that between 1958 and 1987, life satisfaction in Japan was about a 6 on a 10-point scale, while in Denmark it was about an 8. Another study comparing ethnic groups in the United States reported that European Americans were «significantly happier» with their lives than Asian Americans. Researchers have identified a number of factors that may be responsible for these differences between countries, including national differences in overall income levels, predicted self-improvement and attitudes. Taken together, these findings suggest that although extraversion-introversion is strongly correlated with happiness, it is not the only predictor of subjective well-being and that other factors should be considered when trying to identify correlates of happiness.

Conclusion

Many people think that it is useful and even necessary to kill their time, waste it, get addicted to bad habits, limit their consciousness, feed their brain with harmful information.

There are people who worship man. Many, even almost all, have their own fans. These are rich businessmen, sports or art stars, they often say that they are their admirers, but they themselves are their slaves. Indeed, outwardly they look like slaves. They repeat the clothes, the manner of behavior and even the hairstyle. They watch their lives every day, are constantly interested and repeat everything they do. This is a disease of useless imitation and dependence, from which it is necessary to get rid of.

False happy people in masks are trying to deceive with their beautiful life and mislead a person with the help of Slavish Thinking.

You may object that these are proven, reliable people: "We need to crawl under their feet, learn from them not out of jealousy, but out of curiosity to find out their path to happiness, success and victory," but did they really become so happy of their own free will? Many do not even know how they achieved this, because it is a decision of fate. Therefore, do not think that it will be profitable for you to be a slave of those people who have become such only by the will of the Creator.

I believe that a happy and bright life is incompatible with «Slave thinking» and «Addiction», because these actions become a strong psychological habit.